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BIOL 2010 > Cardiovascular System: Blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

name the formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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2
Q

briefly describe the role of each formed element in blood

A
  • erythrocytes: oxygen transport
  • leukocytes: immune defense
  • platelets: blood clotting
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3
Q

describe arterial blood

A

blood leaving the heart

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4
Q

describe venous blood

A

blood returning to the heart

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5
Q

compare the appearance of arterial and venous blood

A
  • venous blood is darker red due to less oxygen
  • arterial blood is bright red bc of high oxyhemoglobin

*both don’t apply to blood to and from lungs

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6
Q

what are the main components of blood; % composition of each?

A

formed elements (cellular portion) and plasma (fluid portion); 45% and 55% respectively

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7
Q

describe blood plasma

A
  • straw-coloured
  • has water and dissolved solutes (mostly Na+, but also metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, other proteins)
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8
Q

what are the plasma protein types

A

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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9
Q

describe albumins

A
  • water-soluble
  • made in liver
  • give osmotic pressure needed to draw water from the surrounding interstitial tissue fluid into capillaries;
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10
Q

what are the subtypes of globulins

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

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11
Q

describe alpha globulins

A
  • produced by liver
  • transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
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12
Q

describe beta globulins

A
  • produced by liver
  • transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
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13
Q

describe gamma globulins

A
  • antibodies made by lymphocytes
  • important for immunity
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14
Q

describe fibrinogen

A
  • important clotting factor
  • made by liver
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15
Q

describe what happens when the body faces water loss; how is this fixed?

A
  • plasma concentration ↑
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus go off
  • feel thirsty
  • ADH releases from post. pit.
  • dehydration and ↓ blood volume are compensated for by ADH and ↑ fluid intake
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16
Q

describe erythrocytes

A
  • lack nuclei, mitochondria, and organelles
  • biconcave disc from spectrin making spectrin net
  • get energy thru anaerobic metabolism
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17
Q

what is the importance of biconcave disc

A

↑ surface area to allow for gas diffusion

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18
Q

describe the life cycle of erythrocytes

A
  • short (120 days) due to lacking nuclei, organelles, mitochondria
  • made in red bone marrow (erythropoiesis)
  • filtered thru phagocytic cells in liver, spleen, bone marrow
  • mature RBCs don’t divide
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19
Q

describe the hemoglobin molecule in regard to O2 and CO2 transport

A
  • significantly ↑ O2 transport
  • also binds to CO2, CO, and H for carbonic anhydrase and CO2 rxns
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20
Q

describe hemoglobin composition

A

4 globin subunits (protein) each bound to one heme (red pigment w iron)

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21
Q

describe transferrin; how does it enter erythrocytes

A
  • protein carrier for iron
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
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21
Q

outline the process of erythropoiesis

A
  • starts in bone marrow
  • hemocytoblast (hemopoietic stem cell) → myeloid stem cell → normoblast/erythroblast → lose nucleus to become reticulocytes → lose remaining organelles to become erythrocytes
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22
Q

where does fluid, nutrient, and waste exchange occur b/w blood and tissues

A

across walls of capillaries

23
Q

define arteries; arterioles?

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart - extensive branching to make a tree; smallest arteries

24
Q

describe veins; venules; microscopic capillaries?

A
  • vessels that carry blood to the heart
  • microscopic veins
  • thinnest and most numerous of blood vessels
25
Q

describe lymphatic vessels

A
  • located on connective tissues around blood vessels
  • any fluid present inside called lymph
26
Q

describe lymph nodes

A

cleaners of lymph before returning to venous blood

27
Q

how can iron-deficiency anemia happen

A
  • lack of enough iron to make normal amounts of hemoglobin
  • heavy periods
  • peptic ulcers
  • bleeding in GI tract
  • diseases preventing iron absorption
  • demands from fetus in pregnancy
28
Q

what is needed to produce erythrocytes

A

iron, folic acid, vitamin b12

29
Q

what is the importance of folic acid for erythrocyte production

A

needed for DNA rep. and therefore cell proliferation

30
Q

what is the importance of vitamin b12 for erythrocyte production

A

needed for DNA rep. and therefore cell proliferation

31
Q

how can pernicious anemia happen

A
  • lack of intrinsic factor molecule secreted by stomach epithelium
  • prevents intestinal absorption of vitamin B12;
  • autoimmune attack on gastric epithelium
  • intestinal malabsorption of vit b12 in diet
  • crohn’s disease
  • inadequate dietary vit b12 intake
32
Q

draw out the life cycle of erythrocytes

A

…

33
Q

what are the leukocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

34
Q

describe the function of neutrophils

A

phagocytes foreign material (therefore ↑ # during infections)

35
Q

describe the function of eosinophils

A
  • defends against parasitic invaders due to granules with toxic molecules
  • secretes enzymes that dissolves clots
  • detoxifies foreign substances
36
Q

describe the function of basophils

A
  • can defend against big parasites thru toxic substance release
  • contributes to allergic rxns (releases anticoagulant heparin and histamine which improves blood flow)
37
Q

describe the function of monocytes

A
  • completes phagocytosis
  • turn into macrophages after circulating in blood for short time
38
Q

what is the difference b/w wandering and fixed macrophages

A
  • wandering: detect invaders by moving thru bloodstream and lymph nodes
  • fixed: stay in areas like lungs or intestines that are more susceptible by pathogen invasion
39
Q

what is leukocyte development controlled by

A

colony stimulating factors and interleukins

40
Q

describe platelets

A
  • disc shaped
  • made when pieces of megakaryocyte bone marrow cells break off
  • colourless
  • have mitochondria, smooth ER, cytoplasmic granules
  • move by amoeboid motion
  • causes vasoconstriction
  • aka thrombocytes
41
Q

describe the mechanism to stop bleeding

A

hemostasis

  1. vascular spasm
  2. formation of platelet plug
  3. formation of blood clot (thrombus)
42
Q

what chemical plays a role in blood clotting and how

A
  • serotonin
  • stimulates constriction of blood vessel to ↓ blood flow
43
Q

what do platelets secrete, and what is their importance

A
  • growth factors;
  • maintain integrity of blood vessels
  • may lead to development of atherosclerosis
44
Q

describe vascular spasm

A
  • ↑ in resistance to blood flow (vasoconstriction)
  • the sympathetic nervous system activates → more vasoconstriction
  • blood loss minimizes
45
Q

describe platelet plug

A
  • have stickiness to allows for plug around site of vessel damage
  • ↓ blood loss
  • necessary step to make blood clot
  • many plasma proteins make plug but von wellebrand factor (vWf) most important
46
Q

make a flowchart of hemostasis

A

blood vessel damage → subendothelium is exposed → vWf binds to collagen fibre → platelets bind to vWf due to stickiness, adherence, and anchors

47
Q

outline the factors limiting clot formation

A
  • anticoagulants
  • tissue factor pathway inhibitor
  • thrombomodulin
  • plasmin dissolving clots
48
Q

what are anticoagulants

A

proteins in plasma on the surface of endothelial cells

49
Q

what are tissue factor pathway inhibitors

A

inhibitory molecules secreted by healthy endothelial cells; inhibit extrinsic pathway

50
Q

what is thrombomodulin

A

binder to thrombin making a complex that activates protein C; secreted by healthy endothelial cells

51
Q

what is protein C

A

anticoagulant that inhibits intrinsic & extrinsic pathways

52
Q

how do clots dissolve

A
  • plasminogen activations leads to increased conversion of plasminogen to plasmin (EX tissue plasminogen activator (TPA))
  • clots are dissolved enzymatically by plasmin to break fibrin
53
Q

describe hemophillia

A

genetic disorder caused by deficiency of gene for specific coagulation factor (VIII)

53
Q

describe vWf disease

A
  • ↓ of vWf
  • ↓ platelet plug formation
54
Q

what is the outcome of vitamin b12 deficiencies

A

↓ synthesis of clotting factors

55
Q

how can aspirin be used as an anticoagulant

A
  • low doses inhibits formation of TXA2 (thromboxane A2) leading to ↓ platelet aggregation and platelet plug formation
  • high doses inhibits formation of PGI2 (prostacyclin) (which is supposed to prevent platelet plug spread) leading to ↑ likelihood of clot

BIOL 2010 (18 decks)

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