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BIOL 2010 > Central Nervous System pt 2 > Flashcards

Central Nervous System pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define neural pathways

A

series of neurons connected by synapses, that make a line of communication for a specific task

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2
Q

define a reflex

A

an automatic patterned response

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3
Q

define a reflex arc

A

neural pathways for reflexes

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4
Q

what is the process of a reflex arc

A
  • stimulus triggering a sensory receptor
  • information is sent to the CNS integrating centre through an afferent neuron
  • information is sent to an effector organ by an efferent neuron to produce a response
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5
Q

what are the classes of reflexes

A
  • spinal vs cranial
  • somatic vs autonomic
  • innate vs conditioned
  • monosynaptic vs polysynaptic
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6
Q

describe a stretch reflex

A
  • spinal
  • innate
  • somatic
  • only known monosynaptic reflex in body
  • EX hitting a hammer on a joint sends info from muscle spindle thru afferent neuron to brain; info goes thru efferent neuron to muscles
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7
Q

define a withdrawal reflex

A

automatic response to a painful stimulus

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8
Q

how can reflexes be overidden or inhibited

A

brain activates inhibitory neurons in spinal cord to suppress reflex
- post-synaptic potentials sum so if inhibitory influence from brain is greater than excitatory influence from nociceptor, then the withdrawal reflex is inhibited

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9
Q

describe pupillary light reflexes; what classes of reflexes does it include

A
  • autonomic
  • cranial
  • innate
  • polysynaptic
  • reflex arc EX photoreceptors info goes thru afferent neurons to midbrain nuclei, info goes thru efferent neurons to pupils
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10
Q

what are the four components of voluntary motor action

A
  • idea
  • program
  • execution
  • feedback
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11
Q

in voluntary control, what parts of the CNS control the idea component

A
  • limbic system
  • association areas
  • supplementary motor area
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12
Q

in voluntary control, what parts of the CNS control the program component

A
  • supplementary motor area
  • premotor area
  • primary motor cortex
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13
Q

in voluntary control, what parts of the CNS control the execution component

A
  • pyramidal tract
  • extrapyramidal tract
  • motor neuron
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14
Q

in voluntary control, what parts of the CNS control the feedback component

A
  • sensory systems
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • basal nuclei
  • brainstem
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15
Q

what is another name for pyramidal tracts (double check)

A

upper motor neurons

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16
Q

describe pyramidal tracts

A
  • tract axons begin in primary motor cortex and terminate in ventral horn of spinal cord
  • most cross to contralateral side in medullary pyramids
  • also have collaterals that travel to other motor areas
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17
Q

what do pyramidal tracts control

A

fine control of voluntary movement of distal extremities (especially forearms, hands, fingers)

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18
Q

describe extrapyramidal tracts

A
  • all motor pathways outside pyramidal tracts
  • indirect input to motor neurons
  • several pathways
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19
Q

what do extrapyramidal tracts support

A

voluntary movement of proximal extremities

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20
Q

what types of contributions and importance does the cerebellum have for the CNS

A
  • critical to motor coordination
  • provides feedback control of motor function
  • contributes to muscle tone
  • stores programs for remembered activities
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21
Q

describe the role of basal nuclei in motor control

A
  • functions similar to cerebellum
  • feedback control of voluntary movements
  • select purposeful over unwanted movements
  • damage leads to disease
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22
Q

describe Huntington’s chorea

A
  • genetic disorder of basal nuclei
  • pathway from basal nuclei to thalamus is lost
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23
Q

describe parkinson’s disease

A
  • disease of basal nuclei
  • lack of dopamine in substantia nigra (inhibitory area of midbrain)
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24
Q

what are the two language areas of the association cortex

A
  • wernicke’s (comprehension) and broca’s (expression)
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25
Q

describe wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • can speak but words don’t make sense
  • difficulty understanding written and spoken language
26
Q

describe broca’s aphasia

A
  • cannot speak or write but can fully understand words
27
Q

purpose of sleep

A
  • body and brain rest
  • enhances memory and learning
  • immune system function support
28
Q

sleep is a(n) ________ process

A

active

29
Q

what is an EEG

A

electroencephalography; finds electrical activity of brain

30
Q

what are the 2 types of sleep identified by EEGs

A
  • slow-wave
  • REM
31
Q

describe slow-wave sleep in EEG

A
  • multiple stages of low frequency waves
  • muscle tone present but less compared to wake state
  • occasional burst of involuntary activity occur every 10-20 min (spinal reflexes present)
32
Q

describe REM sleep in EEGs

A
  • high frequency waves and periodic bouts of rapid eye movement
  • overall increase in brain activity occurs in comparison to slow wave sleep
33
Q

what is the forebrain responsible for in sleep

A

induction of slow-wave sleep

34
Q

describe ascending reticular activating system; what is it important for

A
  • important in maintaining alert wakefulness
  • part of reticular formation
  • projections to thalamus, hypothalamus, forebrain
35
Q

what are the sleep- and wake neurotransmitters

A

awake: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine

sleep: adenosine, acetylcholine

36
Q

where is acetylcholine found in awake and sleep state

A
  • ARAS
  • mimicked by nicotine;
  • REM sleep
  • pons
37
Q

where is norepinephrine and dopamine in awake state

A
  • ARAS
  • mimicked by amphetamines and cocaine
38
Q

describe adenosine in sleep state

A
  • SWS induced by forebrain
  • blocked by caffeine
39
Q

what types of EEG waves are made in alert awake state

A

beta; many neurons at different times

40
Q

what types of EEG waves are made in resting awake state

A

alpha; more synchronization of electrical activity

41
Q

describe stage 1 sleep in EEG

A

lightest sleep; lowest arousal threshold

42
Q

describe stage 2 sleep in EEG

A

light sleep

43
Q

describe stage 3 sleep in EEG

A

moderate sleep

44
Q

describe stage 4 sleep in EEG

A

deep sleep (highest arousal threshold)

45
Q

describe heart rate during the REM sleep stage; sleep stages 1-4

A

highest (similar to awake state);
decreases from stages 1-4

46
Q

what are the types of non-associative learning

A

habituation and sensitization

47
Q

what is memory

A

retention of information, skills, thoughts

48
Q

what is learning; what part of brain is important

A

acquisition of new info; hippocampus

49
Q

describe associative learning

A

making connection between two or more stimuli

50
Q

whether you become habituated or sensitized to a stimulus depends on

A

circumstances; important = sensitized, unimportant = habituated

51
Q

what are the memory processes

A

procedural (implicit) and declarative (explicit)

52
Q

describe procedural memory; what part of the brain is involved

A
  • learned motor skills and behaviours
  • automatic response
  • cerebellum involved
53
Q

describe declarative memory; what part of the brain is used for this

A
  • learned facts, events, experiences
  • needs conscious effort for recall
  • hippocampus
54
Q

how can information be stored

A

short-term or long-term memories

55
Q

describe short-term memory; what part of the brain is important for this

A
  • lasts seconds to hours
  • info lost unless consolidated
  • frontal lobe is important
56
Q

describe long-term memory; what parts of the brain are important

A
  • lasts years to lifetime
  • temporal lobe and hippocampus important
57
Q

define plasticity

A

limited ability to alter anatomy and function in response to changes in activity patterns (EX long term potentiation)

58
Q

define long-term potentiation

A

repetitive stimulation of a synapse that leads to increase in strength of synaptic connection (i.e. increases chance that AP will be triggered in postsynaptic cell)

59
Q

what happens with synapses and neurons that allow for learning and memory to occur

A
  • development of new synapses
  • long-term modulation of existing synapses
  • new neurons develop
60
Q

describe the relationship of exercise and the brain

A
  • may increase metabolic activity
  • increased blood flow to brain
  • improve mood disorders at any age
  • improves cognitive function and slows dementia in alzheimer’s patients
61
Q

what does plasticity do for potentials in the nervous system (double check)

A
  • leads to increases in synaptic strength because EPSP generation size increases in post synaptic cell
  • increase in sensitivity of PS cell due to increased amount and/or sensitivity to NT released at synapse
62
Q

what are AMPA and NMDA to e/o

A

antagonists(?)

BIOL 2010 (18 decks)

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