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Micobiology > Respiratory System Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory System Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system divided into?

A

upper tract

lower tract

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2
Q

Upper tract of the Respiratory sytem

A 
mouth
nose (nasal cavity, sinuses) 
Pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
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3
Q

Lower Tract of the Respiratory System

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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4
Q

What is the most common portal of entry?

A

the respiratory tract

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5
Q

What does the first line of defense include in the respiratory system?

A

nasal hairs, cilia, mucus

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6
Q

What does the second line of defense include in the respiratory system?

A

macrophages

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7
Q

What does the third line of defense include in the respiratory system?

A

pathogen-specific secretory IgA

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8
Q

Where is the normal biota for the respiratory normally found?

A

in the upper respiratory tract

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9
Q

What bacteria are common in the normal biota of the RS?

A

Gram-positive bacteria; streptococci and staphylococci

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10
Q

Which bacteria that are part of the normal biota can be potentially pathogenic?

A 
streptococcus pyogenes
haemophilus influenzae
streptococcus pneumoniae
neisseria meningitidis 
staphylococcus aureus
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11
Q

What colonizes the oral mucosa?

A

candida albicans (yeast)

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12
Q

What is streptococcal pharyngitis characterized by?

A

difficulty swallowing
fever
red throat with pus patches
enlarged tender lymph nodes; localized to neck

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13
Q

What is the causative agent for streptococcus pharyngitis? what are its characteristics?

A

streptococcus pyogenes
gram +
coccus in chains
beta hemolytic (complete hemolysis of RBC)

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14
Q

What is streptococcus pyogenes commonly referred to as

A

group A streptococcus
due to group A carbohydrate in cell wall
basis for identification from other organisms

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors of streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

streptolysin O and S for hemolysis
Protein G used to inactivate antibody
More virulence factors used by S. pyogenes in other diseases- superantigens ect

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16
Q

What complications of infection can occur during acute illness of streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

scarlet fever
acute glomerulonephritis
acute rheumatic fever

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17
Q

How is S. pyogenes diagnosed?

A

pharyngeal swab test
use antibodies to detect group A streptococci
High rate of false-negative results (confirm with culturing)

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18
Q

How do you culture S. pyogenes cultured?

A

plated on sheep blood agar
causes hemolysis
distinguish from beta-hemolytic group B streptococci and enterococci
bacitracin disc test

19
Q

What is the treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis?

A

penicillin as many group A streptococci resistant to erythromycin
use first-generation cephalosporin (cephalexin) for patients with penicillin allergies

20
Q

What is the prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis

A

no vaccine

prevention by good hand washing

21
Q

What is used for patients with penicillin allergies to treat S. pharyngitis?

A

cephalosporin (cephalexin)

22
Q

What are the symptoms for the common cold?

A 
malaise
sratchy mild sore throat
runny nose
cough and hoarsness
nasal secretion 
no fever 
Symptoms usually disappear within a week
23
Q

What is the causative agent of the common cold?

A

30%-50% caused by rhinoviruses
more than 100 species of rhinoviruses
non-enveloped
single-stranded RNA genome

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the rhinovirus

A

virus attach to specific receptors on respiratory epithelial cells and multiply in cells; large numbers of viruses released from infected cells

25
Q

What causes inflammation in the common cold?

A

injured cells; this then stimulated profuse nasal secretion, sneezing and tissue swelling

26
Q

What is the inflammation halted by?

A

inflammatory response, interferon release, and immune response

27
Q

What is the treatment for the common cold?

A

supportive with OTC mediactions

28
Q

What are the symptoms of seasonal influenza?

A 
type A:
short incubation period (averaging 2 days) 
headache
fever
muscle pain
dry cough
acute symptoms abate within a week 
Influenza B& C only circulate in humans
29
Q

What is the causative agent of seasonal influenza?

A

belong to orthomyxovirus

30
Q

What are the characteristics/ virulence factors of influenza virus?

A

Single-Stranded RNA genome

Genome divided into 8 gene segments

31
Q

What does the spiked envelope of the seasonal influenza virus consist of?

A

H-spike: hemagglutinin (subtypes H1-H6)
»aids in attachment
»only H1, H2 and H4 viruses circulate in humans
N spikes: neuraminidase (subtypes N1-N9)
»cleaves H protein to allow fusion of viral and cellular membranes
»required cellular enzyme trypsin to facilitate infection

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the seasonal flu?

A

acquired through inhalation of infected respiratory secretions
virus attached to host cells via hemagglutinin spikes

33
Q

What do mature virus cells do in seasonal influenza?

A

they bud from host cell, budding allows mature virus to pick up envelope

34
Q

What happens to cells infected with the seasonal flu virus?

A

die and slough off

35
Q

What controls viral spread in influenza?

A

host immunity quickly controls viral spread. Anti-HA neutralizing IgG is protective

36
Q

on average how many americans die from influenza each year?

A

on average about 30,000, elderly and very young americans usually do

37
Q

When are vaccines formulated for the flu?

A

months in advance using prominent circulating strains

38
Q

When was the most famous pandemic of influenza?

A

spansih flu; 1918; spanned the globe in 9 months

39
Q

Antigenic drift

A

consists of amino acid changes in spikes (point mutations)
» particularly hemagglutinin
changes minimize effectiveness of immunity to previous strains
» ensures enough susceptible people are available for continued virus survival

40
Q

Antigenic shift

A

represent more dramatic changes

Virus strains are drastically antigenically different from previous strains, importantly in the hemagglutinin

41
Q

Where do new viruses come from?

A

re-assortment
»occurs when two different viruses infect a cell at the same time
» genetic mixing results in new virus that is often more virulent

42
Q

How effective is the seasonal influenza vaccine?

A

80-90% effective, new vaccine required every year due to antigenic drift

43
Q

How effective are antiviral medications and which ones do they include?

A

70-90% effective
include: amantadine
rimantadine
tamiflu

Micobiology (12 decks)

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