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Micobiology > Genitourinary Infections > Flashcards

Genitourinary Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lower urethra contain?

A

normal resident flora

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2
Q

normally urine and urinary tract above bladder entrance

A

free of microorganism

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3
Q

What species of normal resident flora does the lower urethra contain?

A

Lactobaciullus
Staphylococcus
Corynebacterium
Streptococcus

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4
Q

How many doctor visits do UTI’s account for in the US

A

7 million doctor visits

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5
Q

Cystitis

A

bladder infection

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6
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

kidney infection

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Vulvovaginal Candidasis?

A 
itching 
burning
scant vaginal discharge 
>>can include white clumps
involved area usually red and swollen
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8
Q

what is the causative agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

candida albicans
yeast
part of normal flora in approximately 35% of women

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidasis?

A

normally causes no symptoms; due to balance between etiologic organism and normal vaginal flora

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10
Q

What happens when the balance is upset and fungi multiply without restraint in vulvovaginal candidasis?

A

causes an inflammatory response and symptoms

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11
Q

What is true about the epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

disease is not spread person to person, (not sexually transmitted)
antibacterial medications increases risk of disease

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12
Q

What is the prevention of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

minimizing use and duration of antibiotic therapy

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13
Q

What is the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

treatment with antifungal medication usually effective;
Nystatin and clotrimazole most effective
fluconazole given by mouth usually effective

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14
Q

How long is the incubation period for gonorrhea?

A

2 to 5 days post exposure

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

A

can be asymptomatic
pain on urination
discharge from penis

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhea in women?

A

more likely to be asymptomatic
pain on urination
mild discharge: may be overlooked

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

gram negative
diplococcus
typically infect only humans

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19
Q

What is neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily transmitted by?

A

intimate sexual contact

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20
Q

What is true about the strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

most strains do not survive well outside the host cell

increasing number of strains resistant to antibiotics

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21
Q

How do cells of neisseria gonorrhoeae attach to the host cell? Where in particular does this occur?

A

attach to non-cilliated epithelial cells via the pili» bacterial proteins bind CD4 lymphocytes
particularly of the urethra, uterine cervix and conjunctiva

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22
Q

What does the binding of CD4 lymphocytes do?

A

prevents activation of immune response

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23
Q

What allows escape from antibody?

A

variation interfered with ability to make effective vaccine

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24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of gonorrhea in women?

A

organism thrives in cervix and fallopian tubes

scar tissue formation in fallopian tubes lead to increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and sterility

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25
Q

what is the percentage of untreated women develop pelvic inflammatory disease from gonorrhea?

A

15-30%

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26
Q

Opthalmia neonatorum

A

gonococcal conjunctivitis of the newborn

27
Q

How is opthalmia neonatorum aquired?

A

from infected birth canal

28
Q

How is opthalmia neonatorum prevented?

A

prevented with silver nitrate or erythomycin within I hour of birth

29
Q

What is the second most prevalent STI

A

Gonorrhea

30
Q

What are factors that influence gonorrhea infection

A

Birth control pills
Carriers
Lack of immunity

31
Q

What are the preventions for gonorrhea

A

Abstinence
Monogamous relationship
constant use of condom

32
Q

Is there a vaccine available for gonorrhea?

A

no

33
Q

What are effective 95% of the time against the strains of Gonorrhea

A

fluoroquinolones

cephalosporins

34
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitory antibiotics

35
Q

cephalosporins

A

cell wall synthesis inhibitory antibiotic

36
Q

when do the symptoms of chlamydia generally appear?

A

7-14 days

37
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in men?

A

thin grayish-white discharge from penis

sometimes painful testes

38
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in women?

A 
increased vaginal discharge
abdominal bleeding 
often painful urination 
upper and lower abdominal pain
women are often asymptomatic
39
Q

What is the causative agent of chlamydia?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

40
Q

What are the characteristics of chlamydia trachomatis?

A

spherical
obligate intracellular bacterium
form inclusion bodies inside infected cells
approximately 8 types responsible for STI

41
Q

how do the chlamydia trachomatis cells take up the organism?

A

through endocytosis

42
Q

What happens once the chlamydial cell attaches to host cell?

A

it enlarges in vacuole; becomes non-infectious» form called reticular body

43
Q

What is the form that the infectious form attaches to host cell called?

A

elementary body

44
Q

What happens following the bacteria becoming non-infectious

A

reticular body divides repeatedly» produces numerous elementary bodies» these infect nearby cells

45
Q

What results from cellular immune response in chlamydia?

A

much tissue damage

46
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chlamydia in men?

A

infection spreads from urethra to tubules

47
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chlamydia in women?

A

Infection commonly involves cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes» resulting in PID, ectopic pregnancy or sterility

48
Q

What is the estimated amount of reported chlamydial infections in the US

A

estimated 4 million

49
Q

According to study what is the % of sexually active HS and college women are asymptomatic carriers of chlamydia?

A

14%

50
Q

What is a form of non-sexual transmission of chlamydia?

A

non-chlorinated swimming pools

51
Q

What do newborns contract with chlamydia, much like gonorrhea

A

conjunctivitis

52
Q

What is the prevention of chlamydia?

A

abstinence
monogamous relationship
use of condom
anual testing

53
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

A

single does of Azithromycin

Tetracycline and erythromycin are less expensive alternatives

54
Q

When do the symptoms of genital herpes begin?

A

2-20 days post infection

55
Q

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

A

genital itching and burning
pain
blisters develop

56
Q

What will most patients have as a result of genital herpes blisters healing spontaneously?

A

recurrence

57
Q

What is the causative agent of genital herpes?

A

usually herpes-simplex virus type 2

58
Q

Is herpes-simplex virus type 2 a RNA virus or a DNA virus?

A

DNA

59
Q

What is recurrence of genital herpes due to?

A

latent virus

60
Q

What is the prevention for genital herpes?

A

avoidance of sexual intercourse during active symptoms

Use of condom reduce but do not eliminate transmission

61
Q

Is there a cure for genital herpes? What medications are involved?

A

no, medications such as acyclovir and famicilovir decrease severity

62
Q

Vaginitis

A

inflammation due to upset normal flora

63
Q

Vaginosis

A

overgrowth and infection of normal flora

64
Q

What are other diseases of the Genitourinary tract?

A 
staphylococcal toxic shock
vaginitis and vaginosis
prostatitis 
syphilis- treponema pallidum
Genital warts and cervical cancer: human papiloma viruses

Micobiology (12 decks)

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