Genitourinary Infections Flashcards by Melody Tovar

What does the lower urethra contain?

normal resident flora

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normally urine and urinary tract above bladder entrance

free of microorganism

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What species of normal resident flora does the lower urethra contain?

Lactobaciullus
Staphylococcus
Corynebacterium
Streptococcus

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How many doctor visits do UTI’s account for in the US

7 million doctor visits

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Cystitis

bladder infection

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Pyelonephritis

kidney infection

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What are the symptoms of Vulvovaginal Candidasis?

itching 
burning
scant vaginal discharge 
>>can include white clumps
involved area usually red and swollen

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what is the causative agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

candida albicans
yeast
part of normal flora in approximately 35% of women

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What is the pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidasis?

normally causes no symptoms; due to balance between etiologic organism and normal vaginal flora

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What happens when the balance is upset and fungi multiply without restraint in vulvovaginal candidasis?

causes an inflammatory response and symptoms

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What is true about the epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

disease is not spread person to person, (not sexually transmitted)
antibacterial medications increases risk of disease

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What is the prevention of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

minimizing use and duration of antibiotic therapy

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What is the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

treatment with antifungal medication usually effective;
Nystatin and clotrimazole most effective
fluconazole given by mouth usually effective

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How long is the incubation period for gonorrhea?

2 to 5 days post exposure

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What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

can be asymptomatic
pain on urination
discharge from penis

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what are the symptoms of gonorrhea in women?

more likely to be asymptomatic
pain on urination
mild discharge: may be overlooked

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What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

neisseria gonorrhoeae

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What are the characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae?

gram negative
diplococcus
typically infect only humans

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What is neisseria gonorrhoeae primarily transmitted by?

intimate sexual contact

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What is true about the strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae?

most strains do not survive well outside the host cell

increasing number of strains resistant to antibiotics

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How do cells of neisseria gonorrhoeae attach to the host cell? Where in particular does this occur?

attach to non-cilliated epithelial cells via the pili» bacterial proteins bind CD4 lymphocytes
particularly of the urethra, uterine cervix and conjunctiva

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What does the binding of CD4 lymphocytes do?

prevents activation of immune response

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What allows escape from antibody?

variation interfered with ability to make effective vaccine

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What is the pathogenesis of gonorrhea in women?

organism thrives in cervix and fallopian tubes

scar tissue formation in fallopian tubes lead to increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and sterility

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what is the percentage of untreated women develop pelvic inflammatory disease from gonorrhea?

15-30%

Opthalmia neonatorum

gonococcal conjunctivitis of the newborn

How is opthalmia neonatorum aquired?

from infected birth canal

How is opthalmia neonatorum prevented?

prevented with silver nitrate or erythomycin within I hour of birth

What is the second most prevalent STI

Gonorrhea

What are factors that influence gonorrhea infection

Birth control pills Carriers Lack of immunity

What are the preventions for gonorrhea

Abstinence Monogamous relationship constant use of condom

Is there a vaccine available for gonorrhea?

What are effective 95% of the time against the strains of Gonorrhea

fluoroquinolones | cephalosporins

Fluoroquinolones

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitory antibiotics

cephalosporins

cell wall synthesis inhibitory antibiotic

when do the symptoms of chlamydia generally appear?

7-14 days

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in men?

thin grayish-white discharge from penis | sometimes painful testes

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in women?

``` increased vaginal discharge abdominal bleeding often painful urination upper and lower abdominal pain women are often asymptomatic ```

What is the causative agent of chlamydia?

chlamydia trachomatis

What are the characteristics of chlamydia trachomatis?

spherical obligate intracellular bacterium form inclusion bodies inside infected cells approximately 8 types responsible for STI

how do the chlamydia trachomatis cells take up the organism?

through endocytosis

What happens once the chlamydial cell attaches to host cell?

it enlarges in vacuole; becomes non-infectious>> form called reticular body

What is the form that the infectious form attaches to host cell called?

elementary body

What happens following the bacteria becoming non-infectious

reticular body divides repeatedly>> produces numerous elementary bodies>> these infect nearby cells

What results from cellular immune response in chlamydia?

much tissue damage

What is the pathogenesis of chlamydia in men?

infection spreads from urethra to tubules

What is the pathogenesis of chlamydia in women?

Infection commonly involves cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes>> resulting in PID, ectopic pregnancy or sterility

What is the estimated amount of reported chlamydial infections in the US

estimated 4 million

According to study what is the % of sexually active HS and college women are asymptomatic carriers of chlamydia?

14%

What is a form of non-sexual transmission of chlamydia?

non-chlorinated swimming pools

What do newborns contract with chlamydia, much like gonorrhea

conjunctivitis

What is the prevention of chlamydia?

abstinence monogamous relationship use of condom anual testing

What is the treatment for chlamydia?

single does of Azithromycin | Tetracycline and erythromycin are less expensive alternatives

When do the symptoms of genital herpes begin?

2-20 days post infection

What are the symptoms of genital herpes?

genital itching and burning pain blisters develop

What will most patients have as a result of genital herpes blisters healing spontaneously?

recurrence

What is the causative agent of genital herpes?

usually herpes-simplex virus type 2

Is herpes-simplex virus type 2 a RNA virus or a DNA virus?

DNA

What is recurrence of genital herpes due to?

latent virus

What is the prevention for genital herpes?

avoidance of sexual intercourse during active symptoms | Use of condom reduce but do not eliminate transmission

Is there a cure for genital herpes? What medications are involved?

no, medications such as acyclovir and famicilovir decrease severity

Vaginitis

inflammation due to upset normal flora

Vaginosis

overgrowth and infection of normal flora

What are other diseases of the Genitourinary tract?

``` staphylococcal toxic shock vaginitis and vaginosis prostatitis syphilis- treponema pallidum Genital warts and cervical cancer: human papiloma viruses ```