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Micobiology > Introduction to Microbes > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

microorganisms include:

A 
Viruses 
Bacteria/Archaea
Fungus 
Protozoa
Algae
Helminths
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2
Q

Viruses can infect…

A

all living cells

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3
Q

Viruses are considered what? and depend on what

A

not alive, depend on their infected host

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4
Q

Viruses are

A

obligate intracellular parasites
protein-coated genetic elements
connected with the evolution of microbes and humans

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of living things

A

reproduction, maintaining homeostasis, genetic material, grow

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6
Q

Microbes reproduce

A

reproduce rapidly

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7
Q

Microbes can be grown in

A

large population sin the laboratory

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8
Q

How long have bacterial- type organisms been on the planet?

A

3.5 billion years

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9
Q

Living inhabitants have been on earth for about?

A

2 billion years

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10
Q

What do Prokaryotes lack?

A

A true nucleus

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11
Q

When did Eukaryotic organisms arise?

A

1.8 billion years ago

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12
Q

What does Eu-Kary mean?

A

true nucleus

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13
Q

precursors to the organisms that eventually formed multicellular animals

A

Eukaryotic organisms

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14
Q

What does it mean to say that microbes are ubiquitous?

A

they are found everywhere, in the earth’s crust, polar ice caps, oceans, and the bodies of plants and animals .

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15
Q

How do microbes occur on the planet and in what quantity?

A

Occur in large numbers
large biomass
large biodiversity
live in places where other organisms cannot survive

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16
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Mircrobes undergo photosynthesis, but do not produce Oxygen as a bi-product.

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17
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

What is this the source of?

What does it lead to?

What % do photosynthetic microorganisms account for?

A

Microbes produce Oxygen as a biproduct of photosynthesis.
Main source of Oxygen on the planet
Led to the use of oxygen for aerobic respiration
Photosynthetic microorganisms account for 70% of the Earth’s photosynthesis

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18
Q

How do microbes regulate the temperature of the earth?

A

produce gases such as CO2, NO, and CH3.

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19
Q

What are the main forces that drive the structure and content of the soil, water and atmosphere?

A

microbes

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20
Q

what does the underground community of microbes influence?

A

weathering, mineral extraction, and soil formation.

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21
Q

How do bacteria and fungi live in regard to plants?

A

live in close associations with plants that help them obtain nutrients and protect them against disease.

22
Q

What are some historical uses of microbes by humans?

A

Bread Production
Alcohol Production
Cheese Production
Treatment of Wounds and Lesions (moldy bread- Egyptians)
Mining precious metals
Clean up of human- created contamination (oil spills)

23
Q

Genetic Engineering and Microbes

A

Area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMO’s)

24
Q

Recombinant DNA technology and Microbes

A

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product

25
Q

Bioremediation

A

the use of microorganisms, either naturally occurring or artificially introduced, to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants.

26
Q

The majority of microorganisms that associate with humans cause…

A

no harm

27
Q

Pathogens

A

microbes that cause disease

28
Q

What are among the most common causes of death in the US and world wide?

A

Infectious diseases

29
Q

How many new infections caused by microbes every year are there according to the WHO

A

10 billion

30
Q

What is the death toll from infectious diseases each year?

A

13 million world wide

31
Q

What does the CDC report on children and malaria

A

that one child dies every 30 s

32
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A

New infectious diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis C, and Ebola cause severe morbidity and mortality

33
Q

Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

A

Older diseases such as measles, mumps and whooping cough once thought to be under control are again becoming a serious threat
One important reason is decrease in vaccination rate

34
Q

What has been recently discovered in diseases that were considered noninfectious?

A

That there is a microbial link to the diseases

35
Q

What microbe is thought to cause gastric ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

36
Q

What microbe is thought to cause diabetes

A

potential link to Coxsackievirus

37
Q

What microbe is thought to cause Schizophrenia

A

potential link to toxoplasmosis

38
Q

Chronic infections with bacteria or viruses have been linked to which diseases?

A

multiple sclerosis
OCD
Coronary heart disease
obesity

39
Q

What is the belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life?

A

spontaneous generation

40
Q

Abiogenesis

A

the idea that living things can arise from non-living things

41
Q

Biogenesis

A

living things can only arise from others of their same kind

42
Q

What did louis pasteur study?

A

the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages

43
Q

What did Pasteur use in his experiments and what was he trying to disprove?

A

used swan necked flasks

trying to disprove abiogenesis or spontaneous generation

44
Q

What was Pasteur’s procedure/ conclusion

A
  • Filled flasks with broth and made swan neck shaped tubes
  • heated flasks to sterilize
  • flasks that were exposed to dust from the air showed microbial growth
  • flasks that were exposed to air but no dust showed no growth
  • concluded that there were microbes in the air that ended up in the broken broth, they were not coming out of no where
45
Q

What did Robert Hooke study?

A

household objects, plants, and trees using simple magnifying glass

46
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek manufacture?

A

simple microscopes to see threads in fabrics

Constructed over 250 microscopes that could magnify up to 300x

47
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek observe?

A

“Animals” in a drop of water

“Animacules” scared from his and others’ teeth

48
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Developed Sterile techniques

Use of Aspetic techniques in surgery in the mid-1800s

49
Q

Ferdinand Chon

A

discovery of endospores

50
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

A

importance of sterile aseptic techniques and hand washing by physicians attending patients

51
Q

Robert Koch

What is he considered?

A

developed a series of postulates that verifies the germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease is caused
4 steps to knowing that you have a disease.
Considered the Father of Micobiology

Micobiology (12 decks)

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