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Micobiology > Prokaryotic Profiles > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Profiles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways that prokaryotes can be distinguished from eukaryotes?

A

packing of genetic material (lack of nucleus and histones)
makeup of their cell wall
internal structure (lack of membrane bound organelles)

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2
Q

What do ALL bacterial cells possess?

A 
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
One (or a few) Chromosome(s)
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3
Q

What do MOST bacterial cells possess on top of what ALL bacterial cells already possess?

A

A cell wall (most are made of peptidoglycan)

A surface coating called glycocalyx

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4
Q

What do SOME BUT NOT ALL bacterial cells possess?

A

Flagella, pili, fimbriae
Outer membrane
Plasmids
Endospores

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5
Q

What are Plasmids

A

circular pieces of DNA that are not chromosomes, not essential to life though benefit the organism in some way

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6
Q

What does a colony of bacteria consist of?

A

billions of bacteria

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7
Q

How do most prokaryotes exist?

A

as unicellular organisms

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8
Q

What is it called when bacteria/ prokaryotes act as a group?

A

biofilms/ colonies.

Find biofilms in the toilet, mucus on teeth

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9
Q

Size of Prokaryotes

A

can range from 0.05-0.2 um (“nanobes) to 750 um

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10
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Cells of one species may vary in shape and size due to variations in cell wall structure

the occurrence of more than one distinct form of natural object.

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11
Q

Coccus

A

Round bacteria

shape of staphlyocci

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12
Q

Cocobacillus

A

in between rod shaped and coccus shaped bacteria

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13
Q

Rod/ Bacillus

A

rod shaped, long depending on type

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14
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved Rod Shaped

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15
Q

Spirilium

A

Short Spirals

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16
Q

Spirochete

A

Long spirals

endoflagella: allow for movement

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17
Q

Branching Filaments

A

more complex structures of bacteria

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18
Q

What is it called when 2 bacterial cells are stuck together in a one plane division?

A

Diplo

for coccus cells: diplococcus

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19
Q

What is it called when there is a chain of bacterial cells together in a one plane division?

A

strep

for coccus cells: streptococcus

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20
Q

What is it called when there are bacterial cells (cocci) in packets of four?

A

tetrad

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21
Q

What is it called when there are bacterial cells in packets of 8-64

A

Sarcina

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22
Q

What are the prokaryotic propellers?

A

Flagella

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23
Q

What are the 3 distinct parts of Flagella?

And what is it comprised of

A

Basal Body: Keeps it in place
Hook: Provide the bacterium with locomotion
Filament

Comprised of many proteins

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24
Q

Where does Flagella get it’s energy from?

A

ATP synthase: the protons moving across membranes makes enough energy for flagella to move

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25
Q

Flagellar Arrangements

A

Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous

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26
Q

Monotrichous

A

single flagellum

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27
Q

Lophotrichous

A

small tufts of flagella

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28
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella at both poles of the cell

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29
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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30
Q

bacterial movement

A

In response to chemical signals (Chemotaxis: attracted or repelled by a chemical signal)
Receptors bind extracellular molecules, which triggers flagellum to rotate

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31
Q

What are the types of prokaryotic appendages and what are they used for?

A

Fimbriae: attachment; shorter than flagella
Pili: used for attachment and genetic eschange during conjugation

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32
Q

What is the Glycocalyx?
Composed of what?
What is it used for?

A

“Protein Sugar Shell: composed of polysaccharides, proteins or both
Vary in thickness
They are used to avoid phagocytosis and used for adhesion

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33
Q

What is a function of the Glycocalyx in regard to our body

A

help the bacterial cell to be “unrecognized” by the body, so that infection goes unnoticed

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34
Q

Capsules are;

A

Bound tightly to the cell

visible by negative staining

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35
Q

What do Capsules produce

A

a sticky (mucoid) character to colonies

36
Q

What do Encapsulated bacterial cells generally have and what is an example?

A

greater pathogenicity

ex; streptococcus pneumoniae

37
Q

Where does the cell envelope exist?

A

outside of the cytoplasm

38
Q

What is the cell envelope composed of?

A

Two or three basic layers; depending on what type of microorganism

39
Q

What are the three layers of the cell envelope that may exist?

A

Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer or cytoplasmic membrane
Cell Wall: In most bacteria (peptidoglycan)
Outer Membrane: In some bacteria

40
Q

What is the Peptidoglycan Cell Wall composed of?

A

Repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide (protein) fragments

41
Q

What does the peptidoglycan cell wall provide? And how present is it in the bacteria community?

A

Present in most bacteria

Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure

42
Q

Gram Positive Cells have cell envelopes consisting of:

A

One Membrane: cytoplasmic membrane
Cell Wall: THICK peptidoglycan layer
NO outer membrane

43
Q

What is an example of a Gram-Positive infection?

A

Staph infections

44
Q

Gram Negative ells have cell envelopes consisting of:

A

Inner Membrane: Cytoplasmic membrane
Cell Wall: THIN layer of peptidoglycan
Outer Membrane: Lipopolysaccharide

45
Q

Where is Lipipolysaccharide located?

A

in the outermost layer of the outer membrane in GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria

46
Q

What is an endotoxin, meaning it is not secreted or released but rather part of the structure, and produces fever and shock?

A

Lipid A portion

47
Q

What will the structure of the lipipolysaccharide determine?

A

whether or not it is supposed to be in the body and whether it will be harmful or not to the body

48
Q

What is one of the first things to do when you know what the infection is?

A

Gram Stain!

49
Q

Who was the Gram Stain developed by?

A

Hans Christian Gram (1844)

50
Q

What are the 4 steps of Gram Staining?

A
  1. Crystal Violet: stains all of them the same purple color
  2. Gram’s Iodine: causes thicker cell walls to be seen
  3. Alcohol: removes dye from the peptidoglycan layer, only in the gram-negative cells
  4. Safranin COUNTER STAIN (red dye): the gram negative cells are seen with this final process
51
Q

What are acid-fast bacteria considered?

What do they resemble?

A

neither gram positive or negative, resemble gram positive the most
Mycobacterium and Nocardia

52
Q

What do they contain in their cell wall?

A

Mycolic Acid: wax or fat in the peptidoglycan layer

53
Q

What must you use to staid the acid-fast microbes and what must be applied for best results?

A

Use the acid fast stain, must apply heat/steam to make the color stick to the microorganism

54
Q

What are two examples of Acid Fast bacterial pathogens?

A

Tuberculosis

Leprosy - Armadillos

55
Q

How do Cell-Wall Deficient Bacteria occur?

A

By inducing microorganisms to loose their cell wall: mutations
Cell membranes are stabilized by sterols: Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

56
Q

Protoplast

A

Started out as gram positive cell but lost its cell wall

57
Q

Spheroplast

A

started out as gram negative cell but lost its cell wall

58
Q

What is the Cytoplasmic Membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded
Phospholipids(30%-40% of membrane mass)
Proteins (60%-70%)

59
Q

What do cytoplasmic membranes contain?

A

Enzymes of respiration and ATP synthesis, since prokaryotes lack mitochondira

60
Q

What is a major action of the cytoplasmic cell membrane?

A

to regulate the passage of nutrients into and out of the cell

61
Q

Where is the DNA contained in the Cytoplasm?

A

Nucleoid; where chromosomes are found

62
Q

What is cytosol in the cytoplasm composed of?

A

70-80% water

Soluble proteins, salts, carbohydrates

63
Q

What is the Cytoplasm the site of?

A

nearly all chemical reactions, ATP synthesis in prokaryotes happens in CYTOSOL along the CYTOPLASMIC membrane.

64
Q

What is the structure of most DNA in bacteria?

A

single circular bacterial chromosome

65
Q

What are virulence factors? what contains them?

A

Plasmids can contain these

the allow the bacteria to invade; toxic

66
Q

What is the total size of a prokaryotic ribosome? and the two subunits? Eukaryotic ribosome?

A

70s
Subunits 30s and 50s
Eukaryotic: 80s

67
Q

What is the prokaryotic ribosome composed of, % ages?

A

60% rRNA and 40% protein

68
Q

What does the prokaryotic ribosomes do?

A

Translates mRNA into Proteins: protein synthesis

69
Q

Endospore

A

Spore has been created inside bacterial cell, not released yet

70
Q

Spore

A

has been created inside bacterial cell and has been released

71
Q

What do bacterial endospores resist?

A

Heat
Chemical
Radiation
Pressure

72
Q

What does it mean for the endospore to be metabolically inactive?

A

dormant: waiting for the right conditions

73
Q

Metabolically active vegetative cells

example of this

A 
undergo sporulation (formation of spores) when environmental conditions are NOT FAVORABLE 
Ex: Clostridium sp, unable to tolerate O2, when exposed they sporulate, if the spores reach dead tissue they can grow and release toxins
74
Q

Fore-Spore

A

Smaller structure

75
Q

Sporangium

A

Larger Structure

76
Q

The sporangium engulfs what to then begin to actively synthesize spore layers

A

engulfs forespore to synthesize spore layers around forespore

77
Q

Archaea are… and many are found where? How do they differ from Bacteria and Eukarya?

A

Prokaryotic micoorganisms
found in extream environments
different in cell structure, metabolism, and genetics

78
Q

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

A

Fungi
Protazoa
Helminths

79
Q

How many species of fungi are there

A

approx. 100,000

80
Q

Macroscopic fungi

A

mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

81
Q

Microscopic Fungi

A

molds, yeast

82
Q

Forms of fungi

A

Unicellular (yeast)
Colonial
Complex/ Multicellular (shrooms)

83
Q

Where does the name for Protozoa come from?

A

Greek for “first animals”

84
Q

How many species of Potozoa are there?

A

65,000 of single celled organisms

85
Q

Major Pathogenic Protozoa

A 
Ciliated Protozoa (Ciliophora) 
Flagellated Protozoa (Mastigophora)
Amicomplexan (Sporozoa)
86
Q

What are Helminths?

A

Worms;
Flat worms
Round Worms

Micobiology (12 decks)

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