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Micobiology > Antimicrobial Medications > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Medications Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Toxicity

A

More harmful to the microbe than harmful to us

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2
Q

What do protein synthesis inhibitors act on?

A

act on ribosomes

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3
Q

Antimicrobial that interfere with the synthesis of the cell wall do not interfere with

A

Eukaryotic cells (our cells)

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4
Q

What does the cell wall contain?

A

peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What is true about the therapeutic index and toxicity of drugs inhibiting the cell wall synthesis of microbes?

A

They have a very high therapeutic index, low toxicity with high effectiveness

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6
Q

What antimicrobial inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

B-Lactam Drugs (Penicillin)
Vancomycin
Bacitracin

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7
Q

Penicillin Binding Proteins

A

Synthesize the cell wall: build peptidoglycan, they were discovered when discovering penicillin

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8
Q

What group of drugs are Penicillins and Cephalosporins a part of?

A

B-Lactam

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9
Q

What does B-Lactam refer to?

A

The structure of the drug: Beta Lactam Ring

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10
Q

What do Penicillins and Cephalosporins do?

A

Competitively inhibit function of penicillin-binding proteins: Inhibits peptide bridge formation between glycan molecules

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11
Q

What does broad spectrum mean?

A

Can kill a broad spectrum of microbes

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12
Q

What does a narrow spectrum mean?

A

Can only kill a narrow spectrum of microbes

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13
Q

How can some organisms resist Penicillins and Cephalosporins?

A

B-lactamase enzyme: it breaks the B-Lactam ring

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14
Q

What does vancomycin do to the glycan chains?

A

Inhibits the formation of them

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15
Q

How does Vancomycin inhibit the formation of glycan chains?

A

Inhibits formation of PTG and cell wall construction

Does not cross lipid membrane of Gram(-)

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16
Q

Why is vancomycin important?

A

treating infections caused by penicillin resistant Gram(+) organisms

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17
Q

How much Vancomycin be given and why?

A

intravenously due to poor absorption from intestinal tract

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18
Q

What does it mean that Vancomycin can have: Ototoxicity

A

can cause deafness in people

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19
Q

What acts as a target for many antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Structure of prokaryotic ribosome

20
Q

What is responsible for selective toxicity?

A

Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

21
Q

What are the 7 types of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A 
Aminoglycosides 
Tetracyclins 
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol 
Lincosamides
Oxazolidnones 
Streptogramins
22
Q

Tetracyclins

A

Broad Spectrum drugs that block attatchment of tRNA to ribsome

23
Q

What are tetracyclins effective against?

A

certain Gram(+) and Gram (-)

24
Q

What is an example of a tetracyclin and what does is have?

A

Doxycycline; has longer half life because it is newer

25
Q

What can tetracyclins cause in young children?

A

Discoloration of teeth

26
Q

What types of drugs are included in the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Rifamycins

27
Q

What do Rifamycins block?

A

Prokaryotic RNA polymerase; block initiation of transcription

28
Q

What is the most widely used rifamycin?

A

rifampin

29
Q

What are rifamycins effect against and what does this classify them as?

A

Broad Spectrum: Effective against many Gram (+) and some Gram (-) as well as members of genus Mycobacterium

30
Q

What are rifamycins primarily used to treat and prevent?

A

Treat tuberculosis and used as a prophylactic in preventing meningitis after exposure to N. meningitis

31
Q

What is resistance to rifamycins due to?

A

Mutation coding RNA polymerase; resistance develops rapidly

32
Q

Susceptibility of organism to specific antimicrobials is

A

unpredictable

33
Q

What was done with serious infections?

A

Several drugs were prescribed at one time with hope that one was effective

34
Q

What is MIC

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration: QUANTITATIVE test to determine lowest concentration of specific antimicrobial drug needed to prevent growth of specific organism

35
Q

How is MIC determined?

A

by examining strain’s ability to grow in broth containing different concentrations of test drug: Determined by Serial Dilutions

36
Q

How is growth in MIC testing determined?

A

turbidity of growth medium

37
Q

Kirby-Bauer Disc method

A

diffusion routinely used to qualitatively determine susceptibility

38
Q

What reflects susceptibility in Kirby-Bauer Disc Method?

A

Clear zone of inhibition

39
Q

What can some organisms produce that chemically modify a drug and what is an example of this?

A

Produce enzymes

Penicillinase breaks B-Lactam ring of penicillin antibiotics

40
Q

Minor Structural changes

A

in antibiotic target can prevent binding

41
Q

What is an example of minor structural changes?

A

changes in ribosomal RNA prevent macrolides from binding to ribosomal subunits

42
Q

What can acquisition of resistance be from and what are they called?

A

Spontaneous mutations

called vertical evolution

43
Q

What is the resistance acquired by transfer of new genes called?

A

horizontal transfer

44
Q

What was Staphylococcus aureus resistant to and usually treated with now?

A

In past 50 years most strains resistant to penicillin

Until recently most could be treated with methicillin

45
Q

What is MRSA? How can it be treated now?

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

: treated with vancomycin

46
Q

What two things can be done by healthcare workers to slow the emergence of resistance?

A

Increase efforts to prescribe antibiotics for specific organisms
Educate patients on proper use of antibiotics

47
Q

What can be done by the patients to slow the emergence of antimicrobial resistance?

A

Follow instructions carefully
Complete prescribed course of treatment
MISUSE leads to resistance

Micobiology (12 decks)

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