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Micobiology > Control of Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Control of Microbial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Who revolutionized surgery by introducing methods to prevent infection of wounds?

A

Joseph Lister

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2
Q

Who’s work made Lister wonder if “minute organisms” might be responsible for infections?

A

Pasteur’s work

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3
Q

Lister’s work saved more lives than….

A

all the wars of the 19th century together had sacrificed

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4
Q

What did physicians not understand until Lister’s work?

A

Did not know their hands could pass diseases, and did not understand airborne microbes could infect open wounds

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5
Q

What are the two types of major control approaches?

A

Physical methods

Chemical Methods

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of physical methods to control?

A

Heat
Irradiation
Filtration
Mechanical

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical methods to control?

A

Disinfectants

Antibiotics

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8
Q

Sterilization

A

removing all microorganisms

Qualitative measurement

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9
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heat treatment

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10
Q

Decontamination

A

reduce number of microbes to “safe” level

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11
Q

Sanitation

A

substantially reduce microbe number to public health standards

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12
Q

Preservation

A

Delaying spoilage: food biology

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13
Q

Disinfectants and Examples of disinfectants

A

Used on INANIMATE OBJECTS (fomites)

will eliminate most microorganismsExamples: Ammonia, Bleach, Pinesol, Lysol

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14
Q

Antiseptics and examples

A

chemicals applied to BODY SURFACES to help control infection
Ex: Iodine, rubbing alcohol, mercurochrome

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15
Q

What does the “bubbling” of Hydrogen Peroxide on skin show?

A

That it is NOT working

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16
Q

What does the microbial control method depend on?

A

the situation and level of control required

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17
Q

What are the three steps to the selection of an antimicrobial procedure?

A

1) Type of microorganism
2) Number of Microbes initially present
3) Environmental Conditions (Dirt, grease, ect)

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18
Q

Vegetative cells are susceptible to most….

A

disinfectants

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19
Q

Critical Instruments

A

Sharps: Instruments that absolutely have to be sterile: Autoclave them

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20
Q

Semi-critical Instruments

A

Mucous membranes: not as important but has to be sterile; catheters, gauze, swabs ect

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21
Q

Noncritical instruments

A

Intact skin

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22
Q

Metals are damaged by what?

A

some disinfectants

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23
Q

Plastics are damaged by what?

A

irradiation

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24
Q

What are the four moist heat techniques to destroy microorganisms and viruses?

A

Boiling
Pasteurization
Autoclave
Commercial Canning Process

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25
Q

Boiling

A

kills most bacteria and viruses

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26
Q

Pasteurization

A

effective for many food-borne microbes; kill as many microbes as possible without changing the texture and taste of a food item:
Heat to 72 C for 15 seconds for most liquids
Other objects can withstand higher temps for longer times

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27
Q

Autoclave

A

Huge Pressure Cooker:
High pressure increases boiling temp of water
Typically reaches 120 C at 12 psi

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28
Q

Commercial Canning Process: What do canning facilities use?

A

Retorts; large autoclaves

29
Q

What is the most serious threat in the canning process?

A

Clostridium botulinum

30
Q

What do retorts do in the canning process?

A

Prevents spores from germinating inside the can, thus prevents botulism toxin production

31
Q

What does Dry heat involve when killing microorganisms?

A

Heating items to 200 C or more

32
Q

What does the filtration of fluids involve?

A

Nylon membranes of defined pour sizes: 0.45 um and 0.2 um

33
Q

How are filters sterilized for fluid filtration?

A

sterilized by irradiation

34
Q

What does fluid filtrate filter, what does it not filter out?

A

Filter out bacteria, NOT viruses or prions

35
Q

What are HEPA’s?

A

High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters

36
Q

When are HEPA’s used/ Air filtration used?

A

Room ventilation
Laminar flow hoods
Powered Purifying Respirator (PAPR)

37
Q

What are three types of radiation?

A

Ionizing
Ultraviolet
Microwaves

38
Q

Up to what pressure can destroy miuoorganisms?

A

up to 130,000 psi

39
Q

How “potent” is a sterilant?

A

They eliminate everything

40
Q

How potent are high-level disinfectants

A

eliminate viruses and all vegetative bacteria

41
Q

How potent are Intermediate-level disinfectants

A

eliminate all vegetative bacteria and most viruses

42
Q

How potent are low-level disinfectants

A

eliminate all vegetative bacteria and enveloped (membrane bound) viruses

43
Q

What are some things to consider when selecting the appropriate germicidal chemical?

A 
Toxicity
Activity in the presence or organic matter
Residue 
Cost and availability 
Storage and Stability 
Environmental risk
44
Q

Germicidal definition

A

killing bacteria and inactivating viruses

45
Q

What are the chemical classes of germicidal chemicals and their activity

A 
Alcohols 
Aldehydes 
Biguanides
Ethylene Oxide
Halogens 
Ozone 
Peroxygens
Phenolic 
Quaternary Ammonia
46
Q

Alcohols

A

denature proteins, solubilize membranes

47
Q

Aldehydes and examples

A

Chemically modify proteins and nucleic acids
Glutaraldehyde: 2% solution used on medical instruments that are heat sensitive
Formaldehyde: gas used to fatigue
Orthophthaladehyde: OPA

48
Q

Biguanides

A

type of antiseptic that adhere to skin and mucous membranes: targets membranes for destruction

49
Q

What is an example of a biguanide, three reasons why it may be used?

A

Chlorhexidines: antiseptic ointment or solution
Surgical Scrubbing
Mouthwash
Skin Abrasions

50
Q

Ethylene Oxide

A

Highly Oxidative: Destroys DNA: For use on substances that can not withstand autoclaving

51
Q

What is ethylene oxide used for?

A

Surgical garbs

52
Q

What do halogens target?

A

proteins

53
Q

What do halogens react with and form?

A

react with organic molecules to form toxic substances

54
Q

What are two examples of halogens?

A

Chlorine

Iodine: not effective against endospores and Pseudomonas species

55
Q

What is Ozone and What does Ozone target?

A

Oxidizing agent: Targets Proteins

56
Q

What is ozone used for?

A

Drinking water and wastewater

57
Q

What do peroxygens target and what are they?

A

target proteins, oxidizing agents

58
Q

What are two examples of Peroxygens?

A 
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 
Peracetic acid (CH3C[=O]OOH)
59
Q

What are phenolic compounds used for and what is an example?

A

Dissolve membranes
Denature Proteins
Lysol

60
Q

Where are Quaternary Ammonia compounds found?

A

Research labs and food preparation areas

61
Q

What are Quaternary ammonia compounds considered and where do they bind?

A 
Considered Cationic (+) detergent 
Bind to negatively charged membrane lipids
62
Q

What germicidal chemicals affect the cell membrane?

A

Biguanides
Phenolics
Quaternary Ammonia Compounds

63
Q

What germicidal chemicals affect the proteins?

A 
Alcohols 
Aldehydes 
Halogens 
Metals 
Ozone 
Peroxygens 
Phenolics
64
Q

What germicidal chemicals affect the DNA?

A

Ethylene oxide

Aldehydes

65
Q

You have Wescodyne on a paper towel on your laboratory bench and have removed most of the microorganisms, making it “safe” it has been…

A

Decontaminated

66
Q

Chlorine bleach is an example of

A

Disinfectant

67
Q

You have been given a sample of one type of bacteria and one virus (in the same test tube) and have been asked to kill the bacteria and inactivate the virus using the least potent chemical treatment to do so. The bacteria do not produce endospores, and the virus is enveloped. What would you use?

A

Low-Level Disinfectant

68
Q

You have a patient who has a minor abrasion on their knee, which germicidal chemical would you use to treat this patient and prevent infection of the wound?

A

Biguanides

Micobiology (12 decks)

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