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Micobiology > Control of Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Control of Microbial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Who revolutionized surgery by introducing methods to prevent infection of wounds?

A

Joseph Lister

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2
Q

Who’s work made Lister wonder if “minute organisms” might be responsible for infections?

A

Pasteur’s work

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3
Q

Lister’s work saved more lives than….

A

all the wars of the 19th century together had sacrificed

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4
Q

What did physicians not understand until Lister’s work?

A

Did not know their hands could pass diseases, and did not understand airborne microbes could infect open wounds

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5
Q

What are the two types of major control approaches?

A

Physical methods

Chemical Methods

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of physical methods to control?

A

Heat
Irradiation
Filtration
Mechanical

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical methods to control?

A

Disinfectants

Antibiotics

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8
Q

Sterilization

A

removing all microorganisms

Qualitative measurement

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9
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heat treatment

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10
Q

Decontamination

A

reduce number of microbes to “safe” level

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11
Q

Sanitation

A

substantially reduce microbe number to public health standards

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12
Q

Preservation

A

Delaying spoilage: food biology

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13
Q

Disinfectants and Examples of disinfectants

A

Used on INANIMATE OBJECTS (fomites)

will eliminate most microorganismsExamples: Ammonia, Bleach, Pinesol, Lysol

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14
Q

Antiseptics and examples

A

chemicals applied to BODY SURFACES to help control infection
Ex: Iodine, rubbing alcohol, mercurochrome

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15
Q

What does the “bubbling” of Hydrogen Peroxide on skin show?

A

That it is NOT working

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16
Q

What does the microbial control method depend on?

A

the situation and level of control required

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17
Q

What are the three steps to the selection of an antimicrobial procedure?

A

1) Type of microorganism
2) Number of Microbes initially present
3) Environmental Conditions (Dirt, grease, ect)

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18
Q

Vegetative cells are susceptible to most….

A

disinfectants

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19
Q

Critical Instruments

A

Sharps: Instruments that absolutely have to be sterile: Autoclave them

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20
Q

Semi-critical Instruments

A

Mucous membranes: not as important but has to be sterile; catheters, gauze, swabs ect

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21
Q

Noncritical instruments

A

Intact skin

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22
Q

Metals are damaged by what?

A

some disinfectants

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23
Q

Plastics are damaged by what?

A

irradiation

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24
Q

What are the four moist heat techniques to destroy microorganisms and viruses?

A

Boiling
Pasteurization
Autoclave
Commercial Canning Process

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25
Boiling
kills most bacteria and viruses
26
Pasteurization
effective for many food-borne microbes; kill as many microbes as possible without changing the texture and taste of a food item: Heat to 72 C for 15 seconds for most liquids Other objects can withstand higher temps for longer times
27
Autoclave
Huge Pressure Cooker: High pressure increases boiling temp of water Typically reaches 120 C at 12 psi
28
Commercial Canning Process: What do canning facilities use?
Retorts; large autoclaves
29
What is the most serious threat in the canning process?
Clostridium botulinum
30
What do retorts do in the canning process?
Prevents spores from germinating inside the can, thus prevents botulism toxin production
31
What does Dry heat involve when killing microorganisms?
Heating items to 200 C or more
32
What does the filtration of fluids involve?
Nylon membranes of defined pour sizes: 0.45 um and 0.2 um
33
How are filters sterilized for fluid filtration?
sterilized by irradiation
34
What does fluid filtrate filter, what does it not filter out?
Filter out bacteria, NOT viruses or prions
35
What are HEPA's?
High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters
36
When are HEPA's used/ Air filtration used?
Room ventilation Laminar flow hoods Powered Purifying Respirator (PAPR)
37
What are three types of radiation?
Ionizing Ultraviolet Microwaves
38
Up to what pressure can destroy miuoorganisms?
up to 130,000 psi
39
How "potent" is a sterilant?
They eliminate everything
40
How potent are high-level disinfectants
eliminate viruses and all vegetative bacteria
41
How potent are Intermediate-level disinfectants
eliminate all vegetative bacteria and most viruses
42
How potent are low-level disinfectants
eliminate all vegetative bacteria and enveloped (membrane bound) viruses
43
What are some things to consider when selecting the appropriate germicidal chemical?
``` Toxicity Activity in the presence or organic matter Residue Cost and availability Storage and Stability Environmental risk ```
44
Germicidal definition
killing bacteria and inactivating viruses
45
What are the chemical classes of germicidal chemicals and their activity
``` Alcohols Aldehydes Biguanides Ethylene Oxide Halogens Ozone Peroxygens Phenolic Quaternary Ammonia ```
46
Alcohols
denature proteins, solubilize membranes
47
Aldehydes and examples
Chemically modify proteins and nucleic acids Glutaraldehyde: 2% solution used on medical instruments that are heat sensitive Formaldehyde: gas used to fatigue Orthophthaladehyde: OPA
48
Biguanides
type of antiseptic that adhere to skin and mucous membranes: targets membranes for destruction
49
What is an example of a biguanide, three reasons why it may be used?
Chlorhexidines: antiseptic ointment or solution Surgical Scrubbing Mouthwash Skin Abrasions
50
Ethylene Oxide
Highly Oxidative: Destroys DNA: For use on substances that can not withstand autoclaving
51
What is ethylene oxide used for?
Surgical garbs
52
What do halogens target?
proteins
53
What do halogens react with and form?
react with organic molecules to form toxic substances
54
What are two examples of halogens?
Chlorine | Iodine: not effective against endospores and Pseudomonas species
55
What is Ozone and What does Ozone target?
Oxidizing agent: Targets Proteins
56
What is ozone used for?
Drinking water and wastewater
57
What do peroxygens target and what are they?
target proteins, oxidizing agents
58
What are two examples of Peroxygens?
``` Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Peracetic acid (CH3C[=O]OOH) ```
59
What are phenolic compounds used for and what is an example?
Dissolve membranes Denature Proteins Lysol
60
Where are Quaternary Ammonia compounds found?
Research labs and food preparation areas
61
What are Quaternary ammonia compounds considered and where do they bind?
``` Considered Cationic (+) detergent Bind to negatively charged membrane lipids ```
62
What germicidal chemicals affect the cell membrane?
Biguanides Phenolics Quaternary Ammonia Compounds
63
What germicidal chemicals affect the proteins?
``` Alcohols Aldehydes Halogens Metals Ozone Peroxygens Phenolics ```
64
What germicidal chemicals affect the DNA?
Ethylene oxide | Aldehydes
65
You have Wescodyne on a paper towel on your laboratory bench and have removed most of the microorganisms, making it "safe" it has been...
Decontaminated
66
Chlorine bleach is an example of
Disinfectant
67
You have been given a sample of one type of bacteria and one virus (in the same test tube) and have been asked to kill the bacteria and inactivate the virus using the least potent chemical treatment to do so. The bacteria do not produce endospores, and the virus is enveloped. What would you use?
Low-Level Disinfectant
68
You have a patient who has a minor abrasion on their knee, which germicidal chemical would you use to treat this patient and prevent infection of the wound?
Biguanides

Micobiology (12 decks)

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