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pathophysiology > Respiratory System/Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory System/Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

-ectasis (root word)

A

dilation/widening

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2
Q

-capnia (root word)

A

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

inhalation: pressures & agonist muscles
(also forced inhalation muscles)

A

positive atmospheric pressure and negative pressure in lungs
diaphragm & external intercostals
forced inhalation: accessory muscles

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4
Q

exhalation: pressures & agonist muscles

A

positive intra-alveolar/lung pressure & negative atmospheric pressure
abdominals and intercostals

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5
Q

reflex that delays start of next inhalation causing apnea
- receptors activated when lung overinflated

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

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6
Q

reflex activated when stimulus affects carina
-cause bronchi constriction and high speed exhalation

A

cough reflex

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7
Q

Name 2 types of pleura & where located

A

visceral: thin on top of lung tissue
parietal: thicker outermost layer

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8
Q

Eupnea breaths per minute?

A

12-20 bpm

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9
Q

irregular depth of inhalation/exhalation with bouts of apnea (in dying pts. or CHF)

A

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

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10
Q

max amount of air that can be exhaled following max inhalation

A

vital capacity (IRV + TV + ERV)

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11
Q

amount of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal exhalation

A

functional residual capacity (ERV + RV)

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12
Q

breath sounds: discontinuous sounds b/c fluid in alveoli, “popping”

A

rales/crackles

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13
Q

breath sounds: low-pitched gurgling

A

rhonchi

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14
Q

breath sounds: high pitched whistling with expiration

A

wheezes

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15
Q

What types of meds are used to treat Resp. diseases?

A

antibiotics
antimicrobials
anti-inflammatories (corticosteroids)
bronchodilators
diuretics
humidification

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16
Q

Names examples of PT interventions for resp. conditions

A

postural drainage
airway clearance techniques( percussion, vibration)
coughing & huffing techniques
breathing exercises

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17
Q

disease: inflammation of alveoli and small bronchi, usually due to bacterial infection

A

pneumonia

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18
Q

s/s: fever, chills, dyspnea, hyperventilation, mucopurulent sputum, productive cough, rales/crackles, chest pain with movement

A

pneumonia

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19
Q

disease: bacterial lung disease w/ airborne transmission; characterized by granulomas and caseous necrosis

A

pulmonary tuberculosis

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20
Q

s/s: productive cough, fever & chills, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, (risk- immunocompromised, unsanitary conditions)

A

pulmonary tuberculosis

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21
Q

disease: type of pneumonia from bacteria from water storage tanks; affects immunocompromised, diabetic, renal diseased

A

Legionnaire’s Disease

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22
Q

disease: acute viral infection of lower respiratory tract affecting infants

A

bronchiolitis

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23
Q

disease: respiratory distress syndrome affecting immature infants; no surfactant causes alveoli to deflate

A

brochopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

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24
Q

s/s: respiratory distress, cyanosis, tachypnea, dyspnea, O2 dependancy, no sputum

A

bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

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25
Q

disease: acute, reversible, inflammatory obstructive pulmonary condition that causes inflammation of bronchial mucosa

A

asthma

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26
Q

s/s: bronchospasms, wheezing, dyspnea, prolonged expiratory phase, dry nonproductive cough that progresses to productive cough, excess mucous

A

asthma

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27
Q

disease: hereditary disease affecting pancreatic enzymes and malfunction of mucous membranes, causing lung abnormalities and excessive mucous production

A

cystic fibrosis

28
Q

s/s: malnutrition, excessive/thick mucous production in lungs, risk for chronic pulmonary infections, productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, high Na sweat

A

cystic fibrosis

29
Q

disease: obstruction caused by tissue changes that decreases alveoli surface area for gas exchange

A

emphysema

30
Q

s/s: hyperventilation, barrel-chested, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, clubbed fingers

A

emphysema

31
Q

disease: chronic inflammation dx after 3 consec. months or 2 years of productive cough with increased mucous

A

chronic bronchitis

32
Q

s/s: productive cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, dependent edema (R CHF), bronchiectasis, wheezing

A

chronic bronchitis

33
Q

disease: dilation of bronchi; develops after CF, COPD, infections

A

bronchiectasis

34
Q

disease: loss of lung compliance resulting in hypoxemia

A

pulmonary fibrosis

35
Q

disease: environmentally-induced diseases from asbestos, silicone, coal dust

A

pnemoconoises

36
Q

disease: area of lung tissue is suddenly deprived of oxygen; blockages b/c fat deposits, air or bone

A

pulmonary embolism

37
Q

s/s: intense pleural pain, dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing, tachypnea, accentuated S2 sounds, cardinal signs of inflammation

A

pulmonary embolism

38
Q

disease: high BP within pulmonary arteries b/c narrowing d/t hypertrophy and fibrous legions

A

pulmonary hypertension

39
Q

s/s: fatigue, chest discomfort, pain, weakness, peripheral edema, syncope, abdominal distention, SOB

A

pulmonary hypertension

40
Q

disease: enlargement of R ventricle b/c pulmonary HTN

A

cor pulmonale

41
Q

s/s: chronic productive cough, fatigue, weak, wheezing, dyspnea upon exertion; develops from COPD or PE

A

cor pulmonale

42
Q

disease: fluid collects in alveoli and interstitial tissue (a complication of other diseases)

A

pulmonary edema

43
Q

s/s: coughing, orthopnea, rales, hemoptysis, frothy sputum, dyspnea, hypoxemia

A

pulmonary edema

44
Q

disease: whole or partly collapsed lungs, alveoli deflate and mediastinum shifts

A

atelectasis

45
Q

s/s: cyanosis, dyspnea, anxiety, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia signs, dec. chest expansion, absence of breath sounds, intercostal retractions, fever

A

atelectasis

46
Q

disease: excessive collection of fluid or blood in pleural cavity

A

pleural effusion/
hydrothorax
(hemothorax)

47
Q

s/s: dyspnea on exertion, chest pain, tachypnea, tachycardia, pleural friction rub or asymptomatic

A

pleural effusion/hydrothorax

48
Q

disease: collection of air in pleural cavity that causes lung collapse and mediastinum shift

A

pneumothorax

49
Q

disease: inflammation of membranes (pleura) covering lung; bacterial or viral

A

pleuritis

50
Q

s/s: sharp pain that worsens with cough & inspiration, friction rub upon auscultation

A

pleuritis

51
Q

disease: loss of chest structure b/c fractures or atelectasis

A

flail chest

52
Q

disease: rapid lung failure that leads to cardiopulmonary failure

A

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

53
Q

s/s: SOB, tachycardia, cyanosis, hyperventilation, fatigue (trauma, disease cause)

A

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

54
Q

when serum sodium levels are too high; or too low

A

hypernatremia
hyponatremia

55
Q

when chloride ions in blood are too elevated; or too few

A

hyperchloremia
hypochloremia

56
Q

when potassium levels are too high; or too low

A

hyperkalemia
hypokalemia

57
Q

electrolytes that dissociate in water and release hydrogens

A

acids

58
Q

electrolytes that release ions and combine with hydrogen ions

A

bases

59
Q

normal pH range

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

normal partial pressure of oxygen

A

80-100 mm Hg

61
Q

normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

35-45 mm Hg

62
Q

normal bicarbonate levels

A

22-26 mEq/L

63
Q

Acid/Base level: high PaCO2; from airway obstruction, low blood plasma pH

A

respiratory acidosis

64
Q

acid/base level: low PaCO2; inc. alveolar ventilation and thus hyperventilation (anxiety, fever, high altitude)

A

respiratory alkalosis

65
Q

acid/base level: high HCO3-; s/s: hypoventilation, vomiting, confusion, ingestion of antacids

A

metabolic alkalosis

66
Q

acid/base level: low HCO3- needed to buffer; acid accumulation in body or loss of bases; causes: renal failure, ketosis, starvation etc

A

metabolic acidosis

pathophysiology (8 decks)

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