Respiratory System/Diseases Flashcards
-ectasis (root word)
dilation/widening
-capnia (root word)
Carbon dioxide
inhalation: pressures & agonist muscles
(also forced inhalation muscles)
positive atmospheric pressure and negative pressure in lungs
diaphragm & external intercostals
forced inhalation: accessory muscles
exhalation: pressures & agonist muscles
positive intra-alveolar/lung pressure & negative atmospheric pressure
abdominals and intercostals
reflex that delays start of next inhalation causing apnea
- receptors activated when lung overinflated
Hering-Breuer reflex
reflex activated when stimulus affects carina
-cause bronchi constriction and high speed exhalation
cough reflex
Name 2 types of pleura & where located
visceral: thin on top of lung tissue
parietal: thicker outermost layer
Eupnea breaths per minute?
12-20 bpm
irregular depth of inhalation/exhalation with bouts of apnea (in dying pts. or CHF)
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
max amount of air that can be exhaled following max inhalation
vital capacity (IRV + TV + ERV)
amount of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal exhalation
functional residual capacity (ERV + RV)
breath sounds: discontinuous sounds b/c fluid in alveoli, “popping”
rales/crackles
breath sounds: low-pitched gurgling
rhonchi
breath sounds: high pitched whistling with expiration
wheezes
What types of meds are used to treat Resp. diseases?
antibiotics
antimicrobials
anti-inflammatories (corticosteroids)
bronchodilators
diuretics
humidification
Names examples of PT interventions for resp. conditions
postural drainage
airway clearance techniques( percussion, vibration)
coughing & huffing techniques
breathing exercises
disease: inflammation of alveoli and small bronchi, usually due to bacterial infection
pneumonia
s/s: fever, chills, dyspnea, hyperventilation, mucopurulent sputum, productive cough, rales/crackles, chest pain with movement
pneumonia
disease: bacterial lung disease w/ airborne transmission; characterized by granulomas and caseous necrosis
pulmonary tuberculosis
s/s: productive cough, fever & chills, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, (risk- immunocompromised, unsanitary conditions)
pulmonary tuberculosis
disease: type of pneumonia from bacteria from water storage tanks; affects immunocompromised, diabetic, renal diseased
Legionnaire’s Disease
disease: acute viral infection of lower respiratory tract affecting infants
bronchiolitis
disease: respiratory distress syndrome affecting immature infants; no surfactant causes alveoli to deflate
brochopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
s/s: respiratory distress, cyanosis, tachypnea, dyspnea, O2 dependancy, no sputum
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
disease: acute, reversible, inflammatory obstructive pulmonary condition that causes inflammation of bronchial mucosa
asthma
s/s: bronchospasms, wheezing, dyspnea, prolonged expiratory phase, dry nonproductive cough that progresses to productive cough, excess mucous
asthma
disease: hereditary disease affecting pancreatic enzymes and malfunction of mucous membranes, causing lung abnormalities and excessive mucous production
cystic fibrosis
s/s: malnutrition, excessive/thick mucous production in lungs, risk for chronic pulmonary infections, productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, high Na sweat
cystic fibrosis
disease: obstruction caused by tissue changes that decreases alveoli surface area for gas exchange
emphysema
s/s: hyperventilation, barrel-chested, tachypnea, use of accessory muscles, clubbed fingers
emphysema
disease: chronic inflammation dx after 3 consec. months or 2 years of productive cough with increased mucous
chronic bronchitis
s/s: productive cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, dependent edema (R CHF), bronchiectasis, wheezing
chronic bronchitis
disease: dilation of bronchi; develops after CF, COPD, infections
bronchiectasis
disease: loss of lung compliance resulting in hypoxemia
pulmonary fibrosis
disease: environmentally-induced diseases from asbestos, silicone, coal dust
pnemoconoises
disease: area of lung tissue is suddenly deprived of oxygen; blockages b/c fat deposits, air or bone
pulmonary embolism
s/s: intense pleural pain, dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing, tachypnea, accentuated S2 sounds, cardinal signs of inflammation
pulmonary embolism
disease: high BP within pulmonary arteries b/c narrowing d/t hypertrophy and fibrous legions
pulmonary hypertension
s/s: fatigue, chest discomfort, pain, weakness, peripheral edema, syncope, abdominal distention, SOB
pulmonary hypertension
disease: enlargement of R ventricle b/c pulmonary HTN
cor pulmonale
s/s: chronic productive cough, fatigue, weak, wheezing, dyspnea upon exertion; develops from COPD or PE
cor pulmonale
disease: fluid collects in alveoli and interstitial tissue (a complication of other diseases)
pulmonary edema
s/s: coughing, orthopnea, rales, hemoptysis, frothy sputum, dyspnea, hypoxemia
pulmonary edema
disease: whole or partly collapsed lungs, alveoli deflate and mediastinum shifts
atelectasis
s/s: cyanosis, dyspnea, anxiety, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia signs, dec. chest expansion, absence of breath sounds, intercostal retractions, fever
atelectasis
disease: excessive collection of fluid or blood in pleural cavity
pleural effusion/
hydrothorax
(hemothorax)
s/s: dyspnea on exertion, chest pain, tachypnea, tachycardia, pleural friction rub or asymptomatic
pleural effusion/hydrothorax
disease: collection of air in pleural cavity that causes lung collapse and mediastinum shift
pneumothorax
disease: inflammation of membranes (pleura) covering lung; bacterial or viral
pleuritis
s/s: sharp pain that worsens with cough & inspiration, friction rub upon auscultation
pleuritis
disease: loss of chest structure b/c fractures or atelectasis
flail chest
disease: rapid lung failure that leads to cardiopulmonary failure
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
s/s: SOB, tachycardia, cyanosis, hyperventilation, fatigue (trauma, disease cause)
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
when serum sodium levels are too high; or too low
hypernatremia
hyponatremia
when chloride ions in blood are too elevated; or too few
hyperchloremia
hypochloremia
when potassium levels are too high; or too low
hyperkalemia
hypokalemia
electrolytes that dissociate in water and release hydrogens
acids
electrolytes that release ions and combine with hydrogen ions
bases
normal pH range
7.35-7.45
normal partial pressure of oxygen
80-100 mm Hg
normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide
35-45 mm Hg
normal bicarbonate levels
22-26 mEq/L
Acid/Base level: high PaCO2; from airway obstruction, low blood plasma pH
respiratory acidosis
acid/base level: low PaCO2; inc. alveolar ventilation and thus hyperventilation (anxiety, fever, high altitude)
respiratory alkalosis
acid/base level: high HCO3-; s/s: hypoventilation, vomiting, confusion, ingestion of antacids
metabolic alkalosis
acid/base level: low HCO3- needed to buffer; acid accumulation in body or loss of bases; causes: renal failure, ketosis, starvation etc
metabolic acidosis
