Mod 9: Integumentary Disorders/Endocrine Flashcards
Name 3 layers of the skin
epidermis (outer)
dermis
hypodermis/subcutaneous layer (inner)
bacterial infection in tissue develops from regression of infected/untreated wound
-edema cause ischemia to tissue
-WBCs can’t fight fast enought
Wet Gangrene
loss of vascular supply d/t local tissue depth;
non-infected; affects digits & limbs
Dry Gangrene
common tx option for wet & dry gangrene
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
4 causes of burns
thermal (conduction, convection)
electrical (neuro damage)
chemical
radiation (altered DNA)
3 zones of injury in burns
zone of coagulation: inner, most severe (irreversible damage)
zone of stasis: less severe, reversible damage
zone of hyperemia: outer, will recover
Burn classification: only outer epidermis; heals 2-5 days
superficial burn
Burn classification: epidermis & upper dermis; heals 5-21 days
superficial partial thickness burn
Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis & most of dermis; heals 21-35 days
deep partial thickness burn
Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis, dermis & partial subcutaneous; heals in wks to months
full thickness burn
Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, & subcutaneous w/ some mm/bone; extensive healing
subdermal burn
Distribution % of Rule of 9’s:
head
back
arms
chest
R leg
L leg
perineum
head-9%
back-18%
arms-18% total
chest-18%
R leg-18%
L leg-18%
perineum- 1%
Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: intact skin w/ redness that doesn’t blanch
Stage 1
Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: mainly dermis, some epidermis; moist/pink with blisters
Stage 2/partial thickness
Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: epidermis & dermis; granulation tissue & high infection risk
Stage 3/full thickness
Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: deep tissue destruction; visible mm/tendon/ligament/bone, some necrotic tissue
Stage 4/full thickness
Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: slough/eschar obscures wound; unknown extent of tissue damage
unstageable wound
s/s: abnormal nail growth, dec. hair, dry/cool skin, painful wounds, intermittent claudication, pale wound base, dec. pulse (pale w/ LE elevation, rubor when dependent)
arterial insufficiency & arterial ulcers
s/s: dry/flaky skin w/ brown discoloration, wet tissue, edema, strong distal pulses
venous insufficiency & venous stasis ulcers
s/s: well -defined oval/circle wounds, granulation, low/mod exudate, no pain, low pedal pulses, dec. skin temperature, dry/inelastic/shiny skin, no protective sensation
diabetic foot ulcers/
neuropathic ulcers
selective vs. nonselective wound debridement
selective: controlled removal w/ sharps, chemical, surgical
nonselective: removes all tissue ex: whirlpool, wet to dry dressings
master gland in brain; controls release of trophic hormones
pituitary gland
releases neuroendocrine-releasing factors into pituitary; regulates autonomic NS
hypothalamus
gland that produces hormones to control rate which cells burn fuel from food
thyroid gland
gland that regulates calcium & phosphate levels in blood
parathyroid gland
produces corticosteroids to regulate water/Na balance, body’s stress response, immune system, metabolism, sex fxn
adrenal cortex
releases epinephrine to increase HR & BP
adrenal medulla
hormone of ovarian follicles for development/maintenance of female sex characteristics
estrogen
hormone of corpus luteum to maintain uterine lining at a level needed for pregnancy
progesterone
decrease in growth hormone leads to impaired growth of whole body;
congenital or cranial hemorrhage post-birth
hypopituitarism/
dwarfism
s/s: short stature, delayed growth/puberty, sexual/reproductive disorders, diabetes insipidus
hypopituitarism/
dwarfism
gigantism in children; acromegaly in adults
caused by adenoma/tumor
hyperpituitarism
deficiency in ADH release from posterior pituitary gland causes disturbance in water metabolism
-extreme thirst, polyuria
diabetes insipidus
enlarged thyroid gland d/t attempted T4 production in adequate amounts or d/t iodine deficiency
goiter
underactive production of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) causes total metabolic slowdown
hypothyroidism
s/s: obesity, depression, bradycardia, cold intolerance, slow intellect, lethargic, constipation, hypercholesterolemia, enlarged heart, slow metabolism, cool skin
hypothyroidism
congenital condition when immune system attacks thyroid gland & dec. it’s size
-weak, fatigue, cold sensitivity, unexplained weight gain
Hashimotos thyroiditis
overproduction of thyroid hormones causing enlarged thyroid
hyperthyroidism
autoimmune disorder which acts through normal TSH receptors
diffuse goiter from hypertrophic thyroid
Graves disease
s/s: high metabolism, tachycardia, HTN, palpitations, excitable weight loss w/ excess appetite, diaphoresis, excess thirst, heat intolerance, mm weakness, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), warm skin
Graves disease
s/s: after stressful events, high fever, CHF, tachycardia, angina, agitation, delirium, restlessness, (undertreated hyperthyroidism)
thyroid storm
overproduction of PTH by parathyroid glands
high calcium in blood b/c released from bones
hyperparathyroidism
s/s: renal stones, kidney damage, depression, memory loss, mm wasting, bone deformity, myopathy; low serum phosphate levels
hyperparathyroidism
decreased PTH leads to low blood calcium levels and elevated serum phosphate levels
hypoparathyroidism
s/s: mm spasm, tonic-clonic convulsions, dry skin, hair loss, cataracts, bone deformities, diaphragm spasms
hypoparathyroidism
hypercortisolism d/t hyperfunctioning adrenal glands: excess ACTH
Cushing’s syndrome
s/s: abdominal & face obesity, HTN, osteoporosis, thinning skin
-from LT corticosteroid use
Cushing’s syndrome
adrenocortical hypofunction, hypocortisolism, or adrenal insufficiency that causes electrolyte imbalance, hyperpigmented skin, hypotension & mm weakeness
Addison’s disease
hypersecretion of aldosterone
s/s: sodium retention, HTN, dec. potassium, polyuria & nocturia
Conn’s Syndrome/
hyperaldosteronism
lack of insulin production by pancreas d/t loss of beta cells
prone to ketoacidosis
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
insulin-resistant disorder or excess insulin production
-gradual onset; most cases
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
3 glucose tests for diabetics
fasting plasma glucose (8 hrs after last meal) <100 norm
oral glucose tolerance test (2 hrs after sugar drink) <140 norm
A1c testing (blood glucose from past 2-3 mo) <5.7% norm
s/s: (sudden onset) weak, shaking, HA, pallor, diaphoresis, hunger, convulsions can lead to coma
hypoglycemia
s/s: (gradual onset) lethargy, extreme thirst, excess urination, dehydration, seizures lead to coma
hyperglycemia
no tyrosine formation which is needed to produce dopamine, norephinephrine, & epinephrine
phenylketonuria disease (PKU)
