Mod 9: Integumentary Disorders/Endocrine

Question 1

Name 3 layers of the skin

Answer 1

epidermis (outer)
dermis
hypodermis/subcutaneous layer (inner)

Question 2

bacterial infection in tissue develops from regression of infected/untreated wound
-edema cause ischemia to tissue
-WBCs can’t fight fast enought

Answer 2

Wet Gangrene

Question 3

loss of vascular supply d/t local tissue depth;
non-infected; affects digits & limbs

Answer 3

Dry Gangrene

Question 4

common tx option for wet & dry gangrene

Answer 4

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Question 5

4 causes of burns

Answer 5

thermal (conduction, convection)
electrical (neuro damage)
chemical
radiation (altered DNA)

Question 6

3 zones of injury in burns

Answer 6

zone of coagulation: inner, most severe (irreversible damage)
zone of stasis: less severe, reversible damage
zone of hyperemia: outer, will recover

Question 7

Burn classification: only outer epidermis; heals 2-5 days

Answer 7

superficial burn

Question 8

Burn classification: epidermis & upper dermis; heals 5-21 days

Answer 8

superficial partial thickness burn

Question 9

Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis & most of dermis; heals 21-35 days

Answer 9

deep partial thickness burn

Question 10

Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis, dermis & partial subcutaneous; heals in wks to months

Answer 10

full thickness burn

Question 11

Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, & subcutaneous w/ some mm/bone; extensive healing

Answer 11

subdermal burn

Question 12

Distribution % of Rule of 9’s:
head
back
arms
chest
R leg
L leg
perineum

Answer 12

head-9%
back-18%
arms-18% total
chest-18%
R leg-18%
L leg-18%
perineum- 1%

Question 13

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: intact skin w/ redness that doesn’t blanch

Answer 13

Stage 1

Question 14

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: mainly dermis, some epidermis; moist/pink with blisters

Answer 14

Stage 2/partial thickness

Question 15

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: epidermis & dermis; granulation tissue & high infection risk

Answer 15

Stage 3/full thickness

Question 16

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: deep tissue destruction; visible mm/tendon/ligament/bone, some necrotic tissue

Answer 16

Stage 4/full thickness

Question 17

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: slough/eschar obscures wound; unknown extent of tissue damage

Answer 17

unstageable wound

Question 18

s/s: abnormal nail growth, dec. hair, dry/cool skin, painful wounds, intermittent claudication, pale wound base, dec. pulse (pale w/ LE elevation, rubor when dependent)

Answer 18

arterial insufficiency & arterial ulcers

Question 19

s/s: dry/flaky skin w/ brown discoloration, wet tissue, edema, strong distal pulses

Answer 19

venous insufficiency & venous stasis ulcers

Question 20

s/s: well -defined oval/circle wounds, granulation, low/mod exudate, no pain, low pedal pulses, dec. skin temperature, dry/inelastic/shiny skin, no protective sensation

Answer 20

diabetic foot ulcers/
neuropathic ulcers

Question 21

selective vs. nonselective wound debridement

Answer 21

selective: controlled removal w/ sharps, chemical, surgical
nonselective: removes all tissue ex: whirlpool, wet to dry dressings

Question 22

master gland in brain; controls release of trophic hormones

Answer 22

pituitary gland

Question 23

releases neuroendocrine-releasing factors into pituitary; regulates autonomic NS

Answer 23

hypothalamus

Question 24

gland that produces hormones to control rate which cells burn fuel from food

Answer 24

thyroid gland

Question 25

gland that regulates calcium & phosphate levels in blood

Answer 25

parathyroid gland

Question 26

produces corticosteroids to regulate water/Na balance, body's stress response, immune system, metabolism, sex fxn

Answer 26

adrenal cortex

Question 27

releases epinephrine to increase HR & BP

Answer 27

adrenal medulla

Question 28

hormone of ovarian follicles for development/maintenance of female sex characteristics

Answer 28

estrogen

Question 29

hormone of corpus luteum to maintain uterine lining at a level needed for pregnancy

Answer 29

progesterone

Question 30

decrease in growth hormone leads to impaired growth of whole body; congenital or cranial hemorrhage post-birth

Answer 30

hypopituitarism/ dwarfism

Question 31

s/s: short stature, delayed growth/puberty, sexual/reproductive disorders, diabetes insipidus

Answer 31

hypopituitarism/ dwarfism

Question 32

gigantism in children; acromegaly in adults caused by adenoma/tumor

Answer 32

hyperpituitarism

Question 33

deficiency in ADH release from posterior pituitary gland causes disturbance in water metabolism -extreme thirst, polyuria

Answer 33

diabetes insipidus

Question 34

enlarged thyroid gland d/t attempted T4 production in adequate amounts or d/t iodine deficiency

Answer 34

goiter

Question 35

underactive production of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) causes total metabolic slowdown

Answer 35

hypothyroidism

Question 36

s/s: obesity, depression, bradycardia, cold intolerance, slow intellect, lethargic, constipation, hypercholesterolemia, enlarged heart, slow metabolism, cool skin

Answer 36

hypothyroidism

Question 37

congenital condition when immune system attacks thyroid gland & dec. it's size -weak, fatigue, cold sensitivity, unexplained weight gain

Answer 37

Hashimotos thyroiditis

Question 38

overproduction of thyroid hormones causing enlarged thyroid

Answer 38

hyperthyroidism

Question 39

autoimmune disorder which acts through normal TSH receptors diffuse goiter from hypertrophic thyroid

Answer 39

Graves disease

Question 40

s/s: high metabolism, tachycardia, HTN, palpitations, excitable weight loss w/ excess appetite, diaphoresis, excess thirst, heat intolerance, mm weakness, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), warm skin

Answer 40

Graves disease

Question 41

s/s: after stressful events, high fever, CHF, tachycardia, angina, agitation, delirium, restlessness, (undertreated hyperthyroidism)

Answer 41

thyroid storm

Question 42

overproduction of PTH by parathyroid glands high calcium in blood b/c released from bones

Answer 42

hyperparathyroidism

Question 43

s/s: renal stones, kidney damage, depression, memory loss, mm wasting, bone deformity, myopathy; low serum phosphate levels

Answer 43

hyperparathyroidism

Question 44

decreased PTH leads to low blood calcium levels and elevated serum phosphate levels

Answer 44

hypoparathyroidism

Question 45

s/s: mm spasm, tonic-clonic convulsions, dry skin, hair loss, cataracts, bone deformities, diaphragm spasms

Answer 45

hypoparathyroidism

Question 46

hypercortisolism d/t hyperfunctioning adrenal glands: excess ACTH

Answer 46

Cushing's syndrome

Question 47

s/s: abdominal & face obesity, HTN, osteoporosis, thinning skin -from LT corticosteroid use

Answer 47

Cushing's syndrome

Question 48

adrenocortical hypofunction, hypocortisolism, or adrenal insufficiency that causes electrolyte imbalance, hyperpigmented skin, hypotension & mm weakeness

Answer 48

Addison's disease

Question 49

hypersecretion of aldosterone s/s: sodium retention, HTN, dec. potassium, polyuria & nocturia

Answer 49

Conn's Syndrome/ hyperaldosteronism

Question 50

lack of insulin production by pancreas d/t loss of beta cells prone to ketoacidosis

Answer 50

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 51

insulin-resistant disorder or excess insulin production -gradual onset; most cases

Answer 51

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 52

3 glucose tests for diabetics

Answer 52

fasting plasma glucose (8 hrs after last meal) <100 norm oral glucose tolerance test (2 hrs after sugar drink) <140 norm A1c testing (blood glucose from past 2-3 mo) <5.7% norm

Question 53

s/s: (sudden onset) weak, shaking, HA, pallor, diaphoresis, hunger, convulsions can lead to coma

Answer 53

hypoglycemia

Question 54

s/s: (gradual onset) lethargy, extreme thirst, excess urination, dehydration, seizures lead to coma

Answer 54

hyperglycemia

Question 55

no tyrosine formation which is needed to produce dopamine, norephinephrine, & epinephrine

Answer 55

phenylketonuria disease (PKU)