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Pathophysiology > Mod 9: Integumentary Disorders/Endocrine > Flashcards

Mod 9: Integumentary Disorders/Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis (outer)
dermis
hypodermis/subcutaneous layer (inner)

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2
Q

bacterial infection in tissue develops from regression of infected/untreated wound
-edema cause ischemia to tissue
-WBCs can’t fight fast enought

A

Wet Gangrene

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3
Q

loss of vascular supply d/t local tissue depth;
non-infected; affects digits & limbs

A

Dry Gangrene

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4
Q

common tx option for wet & dry gangrene

A

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

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5
Q

4 causes of burns

A

thermal (conduction, convection)
electrical (neuro damage)
chemical
radiation (altered DNA)

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6
Q

3 zones of injury in burns

A

zone of coagulation: inner, most severe (irreversible damage)
zone of stasis: less severe, reversible damage
zone of hyperemia: outer, will recover

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7
Q

Burn classification: only outer epidermis; heals 2-5 days

A

superficial burn

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8
Q

Burn classification: epidermis & upper dermis; heals 5-21 days

A

superficial partial thickness burn

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9
Q

Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis & most of dermis; heals 21-35 days

A

deep partial thickness burn

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10
Q

Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis, dermis & partial subcutaneous; heals in wks to months

A

full thickness burn

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11
Q

Burn classification: complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, & subcutaneous w/ some mm/bone; extensive healing

A

subdermal burn

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12
Q

Distribution % of Rule of 9’s:
head
back
arms
chest
R leg
L leg
perineum

A

head-9%
back-18%
arms-18% total
chest-18%
R leg-18%
L leg-18%
perineum- 1%

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13
Q

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: intact skin w/ redness that doesn’t blanch

A

Stage 1

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14
Q

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: mainly dermis, some epidermis; moist/pink with blisters

A

Stage 2/partial thickness

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15
Q

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: epidermis & dermis; granulation tissue & high infection risk

A

Stage 3/full thickness

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16
Q

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: deep tissue destruction; visible mm/tendon/ligament/bone, some necrotic tissue

A

Stage 4/full thickness

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17
Q

Pressure Sore/Wound Staging: slough/eschar obscures wound; unknown extent of tissue damage

A

unstageable wound

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18
Q

s/s: abnormal nail growth, dec. hair, dry/cool skin, painful wounds, intermittent claudication, pale wound base, dec. pulse (pale w/ LE elevation, rubor when dependent)

A

arterial insufficiency & arterial ulcers

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19
Q

s/s: dry/flaky skin w/ brown discoloration, wet tissue, edema, strong distal pulses

A

venous insufficiency & venous stasis ulcers

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20
Q

s/s: well -defined oval/circle wounds, granulation, low/mod exudate, no pain, low pedal pulses, dec. skin temperature, dry/inelastic/shiny skin, no protective sensation

A

diabetic foot ulcers/
neuropathic ulcers

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21
Q

selective vs. nonselective wound debridement

A

selective: controlled removal w/ sharps, chemical, surgical
nonselective: removes all tissue ex: whirlpool, wet to dry dressings

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22
Q

master gland in brain; controls release of trophic hormones

A

pituitary gland

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23
Q

releases neuroendocrine-releasing factors into pituitary; regulates autonomic NS

A

hypothalamus

24
Q

gland that produces hormones to control rate which cells burn fuel from food

A

thyroid gland

25
Q

gland that regulates calcium & phosphate levels in blood

A

parathyroid gland

26
Q

produces corticosteroids to regulate water/Na balance, body’s stress response, immune system, metabolism, sex fxn

A

adrenal cortex

27
Q

releases epinephrine to increase HR & BP

A

adrenal medulla

28
Q

hormone of ovarian follicles for development/maintenance of female sex characteristics

A

estrogen

29
Q

hormone of corpus luteum to maintain uterine lining at a level needed for pregnancy

A

progesterone

30
Q

decrease in growth hormone leads to impaired growth of whole body;
congenital or cranial hemorrhage post-birth

A

hypopituitarism/
dwarfism

31
Q

s/s: short stature, delayed growth/puberty, sexual/reproductive disorders, diabetes insipidus

A

hypopituitarism/
dwarfism

32
Q

gigantism in children; acromegaly in adults
caused by adenoma/tumor

A

hyperpituitarism

33
Q

deficiency in ADH release from posterior pituitary gland causes disturbance in water metabolism
-extreme thirst, polyuria

A

diabetes insipidus

34
Q

enlarged thyroid gland d/t attempted T4 production in adequate amounts or d/t iodine deficiency

A

goiter

35
Q

underactive production of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) causes total metabolic slowdown

A

hypothyroidism

36
Q

s/s: obesity, depression, bradycardia, cold intolerance, slow intellect, lethargic, constipation, hypercholesterolemia, enlarged heart, slow metabolism, cool skin

A

hypothyroidism

37
Q

congenital condition when immune system attacks thyroid gland & dec. it’s size
-weak, fatigue, cold sensitivity, unexplained weight gain

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis

38
Q

overproduction of thyroid hormones causing enlarged thyroid

A

hyperthyroidism

39
Q

autoimmune disorder which acts through normal TSH receptors
diffuse goiter from hypertrophic thyroid

A

Graves disease

40
Q

s/s: high metabolism, tachycardia, HTN, palpitations, excitable weight loss w/ excess appetite, diaphoresis, excess thirst, heat intolerance, mm weakness, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), warm skin

A

Graves disease

41
Q

s/s: after stressful events, high fever, CHF, tachycardia, angina, agitation, delirium, restlessness, (undertreated hyperthyroidism)

A

thyroid storm

42
Q

overproduction of PTH by parathyroid glands
high calcium in blood b/c released from bones

A

hyperparathyroidism

43
Q

s/s: renal stones, kidney damage, depression, memory loss, mm wasting, bone deformity, myopathy; low serum phosphate levels

A

hyperparathyroidism

44
Q

decreased PTH leads to low blood calcium levels and elevated serum phosphate levels

A

hypoparathyroidism

45
Q

s/s: mm spasm, tonic-clonic convulsions, dry skin, hair loss, cataracts, bone deformities, diaphragm spasms

A

hypoparathyroidism

46
Q

hypercortisolism d/t hyperfunctioning adrenal glands: excess ACTH

A

Cushing’s syndrome

47
Q

s/s: abdominal & face obesity, HTN, osteoporosis, thinning skin
-from LT corticosteroid use

A

Cushing’s syndrome

48
Q

adrenocortical hypofunction, hypocortisolism, or adrenal insufficiency that causes electrolyte imbalance, hyperpigmented skin, hypotension & mm weakeness

A

Addison’s disease

49
Q

hypersecretion of aldosterone
s/s: sodium retention, HTN, dec. potassium, polyuria & nocturia

A

Conn’s Syndrome/
hyperaldosteronism

50
Q

lack of insulin production by pancreas d/t loss of beta cells
prone to ketoacidosis

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

51
Q

insulin-resistant disorder or excess insulin production
-gradual onset; most cases

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

52
Q

3 glucose tests for diabetics

A

fasting plasma glucose (8 hrs after last meal) <100 norm
oral glucose tolerance test (2 hrs after sugar drink) <140 norm
A1c testing (blood glucose from past 2-3 mo) <5.7% norm

53
Q

s/s: (sudden onset) weak, shaking, HA, pallor, diaphoresis, hunger, convulsions can lead to coma

A

hypoglycemia

54
Q

s/s: (gradual onset) lethargy, extreme thirst, excess urination, dehydration, seizures lead to coma

A

hyperglycemia

55
Q

no tyrosine formation which is needed to produce dopamine, norephinephrine, & epinephrine

A

phenylketonuria disease (PKU)

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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