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Pathophysiology > Mod. 11: Skeletal Disorders > Flashcards

Mod. 11: Skeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what type of collagen is in bone, ligaments and tendons for tensile strength?

A

Type 1

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2
Q

what type of collagen in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type 2q

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3
Q

part of periosteum for growing the length of bones (long bones)

A

endochondral growth

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4
Q

part of periosteum for growing the thickness of bones (flat bones)

A

intramembranous growth

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5
Q

abnormal excessive thoracic curvature of spine

A

kyphosis

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6
Q

structural kyphosis that is angular and sharp, usually d/t a compression fracture

A

Gibbus deformity

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7
Q

excess curvature of lumbar spine in anterior pelvic tilt

A

Lordosis

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8
Q

lateral spinal curvature that’s functional, degenerative, or neuromuscular

A

Scoliosis

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9
Q

narrowing of lumbar vertebrae or IV foramina which causes degeneration & nerve impingement

A

Spinal stenosis

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10
Q

s/s: pain w/ lumbar extension, relief w/ lumbar flexion; unilateral nerve root radiculopathy

A

spinal stenosis

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11
Q

vitamin D (+calcium & phosphate) deficiency: in children (1) and adults (1)

A

children: rickets
adults: osteomalacia

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12
Q

bone loses density & strength d/t estrogen reduction, prolonged corticosteroids, smoking etc

A

osteoporosis

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13
Q

contraindications for osteoporosis (3)

A

resisted spinal flexion exercises
joint mobilization
traction

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14
Q

chronic metabolic disease when overgrowth of new bone occurs more quickly than breakdown of old bone; bone is replaced with a solid structure

A

Paget’s Disease

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15
Q

s/s: pain, stiffness, fatigue, bone deformities
w/ complications: nerve compression, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypo/hypercalcemia, heart failure

A

Paget’s Disease

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16
Q

bone infection as a complication of trauma; often d/t staph infection

A

osteomyelitis

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17
Q

when TB spreads from other body organs to the spine

A

skeletal tuberculosis

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18
Q

an infection with arthritis in the spine

A

Pott’s disease/
tubercolosis spondylitis

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19
Q

when a disease weakens the bone and causes it to fracture; d/t cancer, osteoporosis

A

pathologic fracture

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20
Q

Complete fractures: (5)
-runs at right angle to bone axis
-runs in diagonal direction
-when bone has been twisted
-runs entire length of bone
-splintered or crushed bone

A

transverse fracture
oblique
spiral
longitudinal
commuinuted

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21
Q

Other types of fractures: (5)
-when one side is broken and the other side bent
-when bone fragments are out of position
-bone is “impacted”/mashed down
-bone separates from cortex where tendon/lig attached
-forms star-like pattern from radiating fissures at point of injury

A

greenstick fracture
displaced
compression/impacted
avulsion
stellate

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22
Q

fracture occurring from a fall on an outstretched hand: a transverse fx of distal radius (looks like bayonet deformity)

A

Colles’ fracture

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23
Q

when physical stress causes rupture of fibrous annulus & nucleus pupulsus pushes outside of disk to impinge nerves

A

Herniated IV disc

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24
Q

what type of exercise should be used for posteriorlateral herniated discs?
which lumbosacral joint is usually affected?

A

extension-based
L4/L5, L5/S1

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25
Q

increased pressure in mm compartment/fascial space
-lack of expansion leads to nerve/mm damage & blood flow issues

A

Compartment Syndrome

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26
Q

benign bone tumor that develops in cortex of long bones

A

Osteoid Ostoma

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27
Q

benign bone tumor occurring in spine, sacrum, or flat bones (can become malignant)

A

osteoblastoma

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28
Q

malignant bone tumor that grows rapidly in long bones of youth

A

osteosarcoma

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29
Q

malignancy that develops in bone marrow & appears in femur diaphysis

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

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30
Q

malignant cartilaginous cells in long bones, pelvis, scapula

A

chondrosarcoma

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31
Q

malignancy in fibrous CT- deep soft tissue of extremities, neck & trunk

A

fibrosarcoma

32
Q

malignant bone marrow. that arises from B-lymphocyte plasma cells

A

multiple myeloma

33
Q

inflammatory, systemic CT & autoimmune disease w/ bil, symmetrical arthritis

A

rheumatoid arthritis

34
Q

nonarticular s/s of RA: (5)
- causes splenomegaly & leukopenia
-fibrous necrotic tissues & chronic inflammatory cells
-leads to dec. vision & blindness
-dry mucous membranes
-vasospasms of hands/ft, cold sensitivity

A

Felty’s syndrome
skin nodules
slceritis
Sjogren’s syndrome
Raynaud’s phenomenon

35
Q

RA joint deformities: (4)
- hyperext. of DIP jt, flex of PIP jt & hyperext of MCP jt
- flex of DIP jt, hyperext of PIP jt
- fingers drift towards ulnar side of hand
- snapping motion d/t finger flexor tenosynovitis

A

Boutonniere’s deformity
Swan-neck deformity
ulnar drift
trigger finger

36
Q

Contraindications for RA (5)

A

cervical traction
joint mob
spinal flexion (if osteoporosis too)
forced stretching
pillows under knees (prevent contractures)

37
Q

unilateral, nonsystemic degenerative joint disease d/t wear&tear

A

osteoarthritis

38
Q

OA s/s: (3)
- cartilage absorbs water, cracks develop & cartilage breaks off
- smooth/shiny bone appearance d/t bone on bone rubbing
-bone spurs that cause pain & limit ROM

A

fibrillation
eburnation
osteophytes

39
Q

OA deformities:
- hip: weak ___ & ____
- knee: ___
- hands: tender cartilage/bone nodes on PIPs ____ & DIPs ____
- feet: ____

A

weak hip extensors & abductors
genu valgus
Bouchard’s nodes; Heberden’s nodes
hallux valgus

40
Q

degenerative disease of IV discs; “spinal arthritis” w/ radiculopathy
-clinical s/s absent or point tender pain

A

spondylosis

41
Q

defect of pars articularis of lumbar vertebrae
-clinical s/s absent or point tender pain

A

spondylolysis

42
Q

after lumbar pars fracture, vertebrae slips anteriorly
-avoid which exercise?

A

spondylolisthesis
extension-based exercise

43
Q

joint infected by virus or bacteria; common in old, young, immunosuppressed, or drug users

A

infective/septic arthritis

44
Q

when hemophilic patient has hemarthrosis & causes necrosis of bone ends & cyst formation in joint

A

Hemophilic Arthritis

45
Q

crystal-like formation within joint from metabolic inability to process uric acid

A

Gout

46
Q

s/s: inflammation (often MTP jt), pain, fever, fatigue, tophi nodules, uric acid in blood; chronic- renal failure

A

Gout

47
Q

inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse w/ LBP & dec. spinal ROM, eye inflammation, jt swelling, etc

A

Ankylosing Spondylitis

48
Q

blood supply to bone epiphysis experiences necrosis & degeneration in youth; often to femoral head;
bone marrow & osteocytes die

A

Osteonecrosis/
Avascular necrosis

49
Q

avascular necrosis of proximal femoral epiphysis in pediatrics

A

Legg-Calve Perthes Disease

50
Q

s/s: severe HA, pain aggravated by chewing, clicking sound, dec. ability to open mouth, stiff jaw mm in morning, trigger points in pterygoid mm, mandibular midline deviation

A

TMJ Syndrome

51
Q

hallux valgus deformity & joint misalignment d/t poor fitting shoes, excess pronation, trauma, genetics etc

A

Bunions

52
Q

inflammation of bursae d/t repetitive movements & excess pressure upon any bursa

A

Bursitis

53
Q

inflammation & microtearing of fibers in extensor tendons of forearm (ext. carpi radialis brevis)

A

lateral epicondylitis

54
Q

mononeuropathy w/ sensory disturbances & weakness in nerve distribution d/t compression of median nerve

A

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

55
Q

compression of tibial nerve that causes motor/sensory disturbances

A

Tarsal Tunnel syndrome

56
Q

separation of bone from normal position vs.
partial separation of bone from normal position

A

dislocation vs. subluxation

57
Q

femoral head slides at epiphysis often from torsional injury

A

slipped capital femoral epiphysis

58
Q

mm fibers don’t function properly d/t injury, infection or autoimmune disease

A

myopathy

59
Q

inflamed artery near temporal lobe (giant cell arteritis)

A

polymyalgia rheumatica

60
Q

s/s: bilateral proximal aching, stiffness, bursitis, joint synovitis, bicipital tenosynovitis; Dx from elevated ESR

A

polymyalgia rheumatica

61
Q

inflammation within endomysial layer of skeletal mm

A

polymyositis

62
Q

syndrome where pain is localized w/ presence of trigger points & may refer pain elsewhere

A

myofascial pain syndrome

63
Q

chronic pain syndrome w/ multiple areas of jt/mm pain at 18 specific trigger points

A

fibromyalgia

64
Q

s/s: ANS problems, neuroendrocine problems, stressors, genetic factors, depression, anxiety, sleep disruption, high levels of substance P in S.C.

A

fibromyalgia

65
Q

rapid breakdown of skeletal mm tissue causing large release of creatinine enzymes
-mm tissue fills w/ fluid upon damage & calcium leads to tetanic mm contraction & ATP depletion

A

rhabdomyolysis

66
Q

s/s: pain, urine color changes, shock, hyperkalemia (cause fatal dysrythmia), skeletal mm necrosis, acute renal failure, imbalanced electrolytes

A

Rhabdomyolysis

67
Q

trauma injury to a ligament with inflammatory s/s

A

sprain

68
Q

trauma injury by overstretching of mm or tendon

A

strain

69
Q

inflammation of tendon d/t repetitive motion vs.
degeneration of tendon at cellular level

A

tendonitis
tendonosis

70
Q

trauma injury when valgus twisting of knee occurs in flexed position w/ foot planted
-which side of the tear heals better?

A

Meniscal tear
outer 1/3 heals best (inner 2/3 is avascular)

71
Q

one-sided jt replacement vs.
replacement of both articulating jt surfaces

A

hemiarthroplasty
total arthroplasty

72
Q

ortho surgery: fusion of joint to prevent motion

A

arthrodesis

73
Q

ortho surgery: cut made in bone to realign bones

A

osteotomy

74
Q

ortho surgery: removal of joint

A

resection arthroplasty

75
Q

Precautions for THA Posterolateral approach

A

no hip flex > 90*
no hip adduction
no IR

76
Q

Precautions for THA anteroloateral approach

A

no hip extension
no ER

77
Q

Precautions for TSA

A

no IR/ER past 35-40* during first 2-3 wks post-op

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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