Mod. 10: Digestive System/ Psych Disorders Flashcards
Name 3 pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
visible blood in stools indicating a lower GI bleed
hematochezia
dark, tarry stools indicating an upper GI bleed
melena
dilated varicose veins in esophagus
-portal hypertension d/t blockage or dec. blood flow into liver
Esophageal Varices
sliding of part of stomach into chest cavity through hole in diaphragm d/t weakened cardiac sphincter, inc. abdominal pressure, obesity, pregnancy etc
hiatal hernia
inflammation of lower esophagael tissue & chronic “heartburn”
reflux esophagus/
(GERD)- gastroesophageal reflux disease
over time, mucosal cells lining lower portion of esophagus experience metaplastic change
Barrett’s esophagus
2 types of esophageal cancer
squamous cell carcinoma- from squamous cells in lining
adenocarcinoma- from mucous producing cells
inflammation of stomach lining
Gastritis
chronic (nonerosive) & acute (erosive w/ ulcers)
chronic ulcer in stomach or duodenum w/ lots of H. Pylori bacteria d/t drugs, alcohol, stress, NSAIDs
Peptic ulcer
disease linked to food additives, tobacco, pickled/smoked/salted foods, H. Pylori infection
stomach cancer
inflammation of stomach & intestine d/t to bacterial, viral or parasitic infections
Gastroenteritis
pouching of small intestine & peritoneum in groin over inguinal ligament
-congenital or weak abdominal wall
Inguinal Hernia
s/s: bulge in groin or scrotum w/ pain that increases w/ lift/bend but relieved when lying down; severe s/s if “strangulated”
inguinal hernia
small intestine can’t adequately absorb nutrients & minerals causing excess fecal excretion, nutrient deficiency & GI s/s
Malabsorption syndrome
chronic inflammatory disease w/ periods of remission & exacerbation
-mucosal lesions create “cobblestone” appearance in small intestine
Crohn’s disease/
Regional Enteritis
inability to move intestinal contents through bowel d/t blockage of proximal & then collapse of distal (compromises blood flow)
intestinal obstruction
infection or obstruction by fecal contents causes appendix blockage
appendicitis
s/s: sudden onset of intense R lower abdominal pain (mcBurney’s point)
appendicitis
inflammation of peritoneum causing sever diffuse abdominal pain, sweating, fever, weakness etc
Peritonitis
inflammation of diverticula (pouch) due to low fiber diet, processed food, lack of exercise etc
Diverticulosis
nonspecific, nondamaging intestinal condition due to stress, food, immune condition or intestine sensitivity
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
autoimmune disease w/ chronic inflammation & ulceration of colon where mucous membrane becomes erythematous & loses vascularity
Ulcerative colitis
disease commonly from adenocarcinoma of mucosal lining
-related to colon polyps, ulcerative colitis, red meat/low fiber diet
Colorectal cancer
benign/malignant small, finger-like projections in intestinal wall of colon
Intestinal Polyps
enlargement/inflammation of veins at edge of anus d/t chronic diarrhea, pregnancy, obesity, mm weakness, straining
Hemorrhoids
blood loss in GI diseases has what affect on vitals?
high HR, low BP
(cause orthostatic hypotension)
chronic fibrosis of liver leads to liver failure d/t heavy alcohol use, obesity, Hepatitis infections, cystic fibrosis
Cirrhosis of Liver
s/s: ascites, esophageal varicosities, GI hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, malnutrition, jaundice, splenomegaly
Cirrhosis of Liver
inflammatory process in liver d/t virus (Epstein-Barr, herpes, varicella-zoster), drug reaction, chemical reaction or alcohol abuse
Hepatitis
type of hepatitis: transmitted by close contact or fecal-oral; nonprogressive; 6-10wk recovery
Hep A
type of hepatitis: transmission through sharing needles, sex or bodily fluid exposure; uses vaccination series
Hep B
type of hepatitis: can cause chronic liver disease/failure; transmitted through needle sharing, sex or bodily fluid exposure; no vaccine
Hep C
gallbladder inflammation d/t gallstone blocking cystic duct
-upper R quadrant pain
Cholecystitis
presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts d/t excess cholesterol & insufficient bile salts (so overproduction of bile)
Cholelithiasis
inflammation of pancreas d/t gallstones (acute) or alcohol use (chronic)
-fibrous tissue replaces pancreatic tissue & loss of function
Pancreatitis
disease w/ rapidly spreading adenocarcinoma; has carcinogen influence; low prognosis
Pancreatic cancer
organ responsible for regulating electrolyte concentration, A-B balance, blood volume & BP via hormones
kidneys
diagnostic tests for kidneys (2)
BUN- blood urea nitrogen test
creatinine clearance
tx process for kidney failure that removes waste, excess Na & fluid by filtering blood (3-5 hr session, 3x/wk)
-pts have chest port or AV fistula on arm
hemodialysis
bacterial infection of kidneys, bladder or urethra
Urinary Tract Infection
s/s: inc. urinary frequency, pain/burning w/ urination, cloudy urine, suprapubic pressure, fever, back pain, fatigue, dec. cognition
Urinary Tract infection
damaged cerebral control of bladder d/t diabetes, CVA, infection, nerve damage, hyperactive detrusor mm, dec. bladder capacity
Neurogenic Bladder
loss of urine after sudden intense urge to void d/t detrusor mm involuntarily contracting as bladder fills (associated w/ neurological disorders or conditioned reflex)
Urge Urinary Incontinence
loss of urine when intra-bladder pressure exceeds urethra’s capacity to remain closed d/t urine retention (narrowed/obstructed urethra)
Overflow Urinary Incontinence
loss of urine d/t inability or unwillingness to go (decreased mental awareness or mobility)
Functional Incontinence
disease in epithelial cells that line bladder causing hematuria, dysuria, nocturia & infection
Bladder Cancer
lithotripsy tx used for: (2)
gallstones
kidney stones/renal calculi
sudden decline in renal function d/t dec. in blood flow from shock, hemorrhage, neoplasm, kidney stones, vascular disorders, CHF
s/s: hyperkalemia, sodium retention
Acute Renal Failure
progressive deterioration in renal function d/t sever HTN, diabetes, glomerulopathies, interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease
Chronic Renal Failure
renal cell carcinoma; can trigger thrombus formation in renal vein
Renal Cancer
What system w/ what 2 compartments: regulates emotional behavior, links thoughts & ANS responses
Limbic system
hippocampus & amygdala
A perception disorder: sensory perceptions that seem real
Hallucinations
5 categories of hallucinations
reverse
ictal
visual
auditory
smell/taste
Perception Disorder: false beliefs persisting as unshakeable, regardless of facts
Delusions
5 Types of Neuromediators
Acetylcholine: excitatory/inhibitory (< in Alzheimers)
Amino Acids: excitatory/inhibitory (anxiety disorders)
Dopamine (overactive- schizophrenia, psychotic disorder)
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (< in depression)
Serotonin (< in depression & OCD)
which drug side effects: dyskinesias, pseudoparkinsonism, sedation, constipation, dry mouth
antipsychotic medications
chronic, debilitating disorder affecting feelings, perceptions, behaviors & thoughts
Schizophrenia
s/s: lack of social behavior, little speech, lack of motivation, aptathy, no emotional expression, inappropriate actions, can’t enjoy pleasure
Schizophrenia
Affective Disorder: alternating periods of depression & mania
-LT drug effects of lithium: osteoporosis
Bipolar disorder
Affective Disorder: slower mental/physical activity, dec. self-esteem, withdrawal
Depression
Affective Disorder: intense fear without a precipitating event w/ subj./obj. manifestations, restlessness, palpitations, inc. HR/BP, sweating
Anxiety Disorder
Tx: benzodiazepines (addictive), antidepressants, beta-adrenergic blockers
w/ side effects: drowsy, fall risk, anterograde amnesia
for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Affective Disorder: repeated thoughts & acts w/ out related environmental conditions
Obsessive Compulsive disorder
Affective Disorder: disproportionately excessive fear of objects, occurrences, and situations d/t trauma, observation, conditioning
Phobia disorder
Somatoform Disorder: physical complaints of a neurological basis with no anatomical/physio. cause
Conversion disorder
Somatoform Disorder: excessive fear of illness; that minor ones are serious/life-threatening
Hypochondriasis Disorder
Somatoform Disorder: complains of symptoms with no physiological basis
Somatization Disorder
