Mod 1: Mechanisms for Disease Flashcards
Def: causitive factors of disease
etiology
Def: caused by tx, procedure or error
iatrogenic
Def: time in early disease process when pt’s aware of nonspecific change in the body
prodromal
Def: potential unwanted outcomes of a primary condition
sequelae
dysplasia
abnormal development & maturation of body cells
neoplasia
tumor formation
hyperplasia & example
increased number of cells
ex: callous formation
metaplasia
reversible replacement of single mature cell type by another
hypoxic injury
lack of sufficient oxygen to a tissue
caused by ischemia
free radicals
continuously formed by body during oxygenation
-toxic if excessive amounts
kwashiorker
protein malnutrition
marasmus
general dietary malnutrition
cachexia
“wasting” disorder
necrosis
dissolution of the cell
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
heat, redness, edema, pain, loss of function
acute inflammatory response
-tissue injury damage brings mast cell & platelets from immune system
-mast cells releases chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, etc)
-blood clots
-vasodilation causes hyperemia (swelling/redness)
-fibrinogen forms fibrin mesh to localize harmful agent
-pain caused by inc. pressure of fluid on nerves
-exudate forms
chronic inflammation timeline & cell action
wks/months/yrs
-result of recurrent or progressive active inflammatory process
-inc. amount of lymphocytes, macrophages, & fibroblasts
healing: clean wound edges are reapproximated & wound closes/heals faster w/ less infection risk
first intention/primary intention healing
healing: clean wound edges by unapproximated edges & higher infection risk; likely scar formation
second intention healing
healing: wounds at risk for developing complications that are left open; have significant edema, debris, and poor vascular integrity
third intention/delayed primary intention healing
1st wound healing phase: (2-5 days) platelet aggregation, clots form, vasoconstriction
inflammatory phase
2nd wound healing phase (3 wks post injury) granulation, wound contraction, epithelialization
proliferative phase
3rd wound healing phase (3 wks-2 yrs) scar maturation and newly formed collagen
maturation/remodeling phase
Name 3 phases of Bone healing
1) initial inflammatory response
2) repair phase
3)remodeling phase
gate control theory steps
1)stimulate nociceptor & impulse travel to dorsal root ganglion
2)A-beta fibers stimulate substantia gelatinosa to inhibit nociceptor impulse (of A delta/C fiber)
3) enkephalins released to block release of substance P
4) pain not transmitted to brain via afferent tracks
Name 4-5 Pain Assessment Tools
visual analog scale
numeric rating scale
Wong-Baker scale
FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolibility)
body diagrams
Questions to ask about pain
location? description? frequency? timing?
-not physical signs and body language
Cause of acute pain
sudden, severe, localized injury
-conducted by A-delta fibers
Conduction & description of chronic pain
conducted by unmyelinated C fibers
slow, diffuse, prolonged, generalized
Pain type: sensation perceived in lost limb but brain still processing that limb is present when receiving stimuli
phantom pain
pain type: within an involved organ; cause deep aches, unlocalized, mm tension etc
visceral pain
pain type: experienced at distant site from actual source of pain (same nerve root supplies injured area)
referred pain (can be visceral or somatic)
pain type: caused by lesion/dysfunction in dorsal nerve root/spinal nerves
neuropathic muscle pain
pain type: chronic condition of unknown cause resulting in skin changes & inc. pain sensation
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
types of mild pain meds
(non opioid) NSAIDs, analgesic, acetaminophen
types of moderate pain meds
non-narcotic
narcotic analgesic combined
ex: codeine, oxycodene
types of severe pain meds
morphine
sedatives & anti-anxiety
