Mod 1: Mechanisms for Disease

Question 1

Def: causitive factors of disease

Answer 1

etiology

Question 2

Def: caused by tx, procedure or error

Answer 2

iatrogenic

Question 3

Def: time in early disease process when pt’s aware of nonspecific change in the body

Answer 3

prodromal

Question 4

Def: potential unwanted outcomes of a primary condition

Answer 4

sequelae

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

abnormal development & maturation of body cells

Question 6

neoplasia

Answer 6

tumor formation

Question 7

hyperplasia & example

Answer 7

increased number of cells
ex: callous formation

Question 8

metaplasia

Answer 8

reversible replacement of single mature cell type by another

Question 9

hypoxic injury

Answer 9

lack of sufficient oxygen to a tissue
caused by ischemia

Question 10

free radicals

Answer 10

continuously formed by body during oxygenation
-toxic if excessive amounts

Question 11

kwashiorker

Answer 11

protein malnutrition

Question 12

marasmus

Answer 12

general dietary malnutrition

Question 13

cachexia

Answer 13

“wasting” disorder

Question 14

necrosis

Answer 14

dissolution of the cell

Question 15

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 15

heat, redness, edema, pain, loss of function

Question 16

acute inflammatory response

Answer 16

-tissue injury damage brings mast cell & platelets from immune system
-mast cells releases chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, etc)
-blood clots
-vasodilation causes hyperemia (swelling/redness)
-fibrinogen forms fibrin mesh to localize harmful agent
-pain caused by inc. pressure of fluid on nerves
-exudate forms

Question 17

chronic inflammation timeline & cell action

Answer 17

wks/months/yrs
-result of recurrent or progressive active inflammatory process
-inc. amount of lymphocytes, macrophages, & fibroblasts

Question 18

healing: clean wound edges are reapproximated & wound closes/heals faster w/ less infection risk

Answer 18

first intention/primary intention healing

Question 19

healing: clean wound edges by unapproximated edges & higher infection risk; likely scar formation

Answer 19

second intention healing

Question 20

healing: wounds at risk for developing complications that are left open; have significant edema, debris, and poor vascular integrity

Answer 20

third intention/delayed primary intention healing

Question 21

1st wound healing phase: (2-5 days) platelet aggregation, clots form, vasoconstriction

Answer 21

inflammatory phase

Question 22

2nd wound healing phase (3 wks post injury) granulation, wound contraction, epithelialization

Answer 22

proliferative phase

Question 23

3rd wound healing phase (3 wks-2 yrs) scar maturation and newly formed collagen

Answer 23

maturation/remodeling phase

Question 24

Name 3 phases of Bone healing

Answer 24

1) initial inflammatory response
2) repair phase
3)remodeling phase

Question 25

gate control theory steps

Answer 25

1)stimulate nociceptor & impulse travel to dorsal root ganglion
2)A-beta fibers stimulate substantia gelatinosa to inhibit nociceptor impulse (of A delta/C fiber)
3) enkephalins released to block release of substance P
4) pain not transmitted to brain via afferent tracks

Question 26

Name 4-5 Pain Assessment Tools

Answer 26

visual analog scale
numeric rating scale
Wong-Baker scale
FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolibility)
body diagrams

Question 27

Questions to ask about pain

Answer 27

location? description? frequency? timing?
-not physical signs and body language

Question 28

Cause of acute pain

Answer 28

sudden, severe, localized injury
-conducted by A-delta fibers

Question 29

Conduction & description of chronic pain

Answer 29

conducted by unmyelinated C fibers
slow, diffuse, prolonged, generalized

Question 30

Pain type: sensation perceived in lost limb but brain still processing that limb is present when receiving stimuli

Answer 30

phantom pain

Question 31

pain type: within an involved organ; cause deep aches, unlocalized, mm tension etc

Answer 31

visceral pain

Question 32

pain type: experienced at distant site from actual source of pain (same nerve root supplies injured area)

Answer 32

referred pain (can be visceral or somatic)

Question 33

pain type: caused by lesion/dysfunction in dorsal nerve root/spinal nerves

Answer 33

neuropathic muscle pain

Question 34

pain type: chronic condition of unknown cause resulting in skin changes & inc. pain sensation

Answer 34

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Question 35

types of mild pain meds

Answer 35

(non opioid) NSAIDs, analgesic, acetaminophen

Question 36

types of moderate pain meds

Answer 36

non-narcotic
narcotic analgesic combined
ex: codeine, oxycodene

Question 37

types of severe pain meds

Answer 37

morphine
sedatives & anti-anxiety