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Pathophysiology > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

frontal lobe is responsible for:

A

primary motor cortex:
personality
expressive speech (Broca’s area)
judgement & decision-making
abstract thought
concentration
temper

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2
Q

frontal lobe impairment causes:

A

contralateral weakness
inattention
apathy
poor inhibition
personality change
Broca’s aphasia (expressive deficits)

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3
Q

parietal lobe is responsible for:

A

gross sensation (touch, pressure)
fine sensation (texture, weight, size, shape)
sensory homonculus
language
spatial & visual perception

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4
Q

parietal lobe impairment causes:

A

L side: agraphia, alexia, agnosia (language comprehension)
R side: dressing & constructional apraxia, anosognosia (no insight)
contralateral sensory deficits: impaired language, taste & comprehension

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5
Q

temporal lobe is responsible for:

A

primary auditory processing & olfaction
behavior
language reception (Wernicke’s area)
understanding
Long term memory
interpret nonverbals of others

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6
Q

temporal lobe impairment causes:

A

learning deficit
antisocial/aggressive
Wernicke’s aphasia
difficulty w/ facial recognition, memory & categorizing objects

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7
Q

occipital lobe is responsible for:

A

vision & 3D
recognize size, shape & color
judging distance

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8
Q

occipital lobe impairment causes:

A

impaired eye muscle movement
visual deficits
decreased color recognition
read/write deficits
homonymous hemianopsia
cortical blindness w/ bilat. lobe involved

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9
Q

hippocampus location & function

A

(lower temporal lobe)
learning language
form/store new personal memories
declarative memory
sending memory to appropriate areas of cerebral hemisphere

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10
Q

basal ganglia function

A

voluntary movement
regulate autonomic movement, posture & mm tone
(includes caudate, putamen, globus, pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei)

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11
Q

diseases of dysfunctional basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s
Tourette’s
Huntington’s
ADD
OCD
addictions

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12
Q

amygdala location & function

A

(in temporal lobe, next to hippocampus)
Emotional and social processing
Fear/pleasure response, arousal, memory processing, form emotional memories

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13
Q

hypothalamus function

A

receive/integrate info from autonomic NS
hormone regulation
controls hunger, thirst, sex, sleep
regulate body temp, adrenal glands, pituitary glands

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14
Q

subthalamus location & function

A

between thalamus & hypothalamus
regulates movement from skeletal muscle

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15
Q

epithalamus/pineal gland function

A

secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm
regulates some motor pathways & emotions

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16
Q

cerebellum function

A

balance, posture & complex muscle movements
integration, coordination & execution of multi-joint movements
regulates mm contractions (initiation, timing, sequencing, force)

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17
Q

pons function

A

helps regulate respiration rate
associated w/ head orientation to visual/auditory stimuli
includes CN 5-8 origins

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18
Q

medulla oblongata function & wht/gry matter distribution

A

influence autonomic activity (RR & HR)
reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing
outer white matter, inner gray matter

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19
Q

What is responsible for exchanging nutrients between the CNS & vascular system?

A

blood/brain barrier

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20
Q

3 Meninges Layers & 3 spaces between

A

[skull]
-epidural space
dura mater (outer)
-subdural space
arachnoid mater (middle)
-subarachnoid space w/ CSF
pia mater (inner)

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21
Q

PNS: how many cranial nerves?
how many spinal nerves? (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)

A

12 CN
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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22
Q

sympathetic NS: hormone, affect on BP, HR & blood flow

A

norepinephrine
inc. HR, BP & blood flow to skeletal mm

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23
Q

parasympathetic NS: hormone & affect on HR, BP & digestion; which CN affected (4 total)

A

acetylcholine
dec/normalized HR, BP & digestion
oculomotor (3), facial & glossopharangeal (7, 9, taste) & vagus

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24
Q

Name 3 early embryo layers

A

ectoderm: brain components
mesoderm: vertebrae/skull, dermis, skeletal mm
endoderm: organ development

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25
Q

upper motor neurons: cell body origin/termination
where do they cross?
where do they synapse w/ LMN?

A

origin: cerebral cortex
termination: brainstem/spinal cord
cross: medulla
LMN synapse: anterior horn of SC

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26
Q

UMN Lesions = which diseases?

A

MS
SCI
Parkinsons
CVA/stroke
TBI/head trauma
ALS

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27
Q

UMN lesion characteristics

A

spastic weakness
loss of autonomic control
clonus
paralysis
hyperreflexia

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28
Q

lower motor neurons: cell body origin of cranial nerves & spinal nerves

A

CN: brainstem
spinal nerves: anterior horn of S.C.

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29
Q

LMN lesions = what diseases?

A

muscular dystrophy
polio
myasthenia graves
ALS,
Guillan Barre
peripheral nerve injury

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30
Q

LMN lesion characteristics

A

hypotonia
hyporeflexia
paralysis
atrophy
loss of coordination

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31
Q

temporary nerve damage due to pressure

A

neuropraxia

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32
Q

prolonged nerve pressure causes muscle atrophy & axon degeneration (can be permanent)

A

axonotmesis

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33
Q

nerve axon/sheath damaged; can require surgery

A

neurotmesis

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34
Q

when peripheral nerve is cut & parts of axon distal to transaction point are disconnected from central neuron

A

Wallerian degeneration

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35
Q

PT tx: reduce return of primitive reflex patterns of movement (post CVA)
-stimulate return of normal tone/posture

A

Brunnstrom approach

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36
Q

PT tx: focusing on normal movement without compensations (often w/ UMN lesions)

A

neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT)/ Bobath technique

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37
Q

progressive degenerative organic brain syndrome that destroys neurons of cerebral cortex (frontal lobe first) w/ plaques

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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38
Q

s/s: memory & behavioral deficits
(no cure)

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

39
Q

Name 4 types of Non-Alzheimer’s dementia

A

Lewy body dementia
vascular dementia
head trauma dementia
substance-induced dementia

40
Q

inflammation of meninges (acute or chronic that affects different layers)
-which of the 2 is more fatal?

A

meningitis
bacterial: (fatal) disrupted blood-brain barrier
viral: more common

41
Q

s/s: high fever ,chills, photophobia, severe HA, vomit, neck stiffness, drowsy, stupor, seizures, coma

A

meningitis

42
Q

inflammation of parenchyma of brain tissue due to viral invasion

A

encephalitis

43
Q

brain damage due to ischemia (embolus blockage) or hemorrhage stroke (aneurysm)

A

cerebrovascular accident, CVA

44
Q

s/s: HA, weakness on 1 side of face/body, slurred speech, blurred vision, sudden flaccidity, spasticity in 2-3 days

A

CVA

45
Q

group of rare, prion degenerative neuro disorders w/ rapid progressive dementia

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease

46
Q

numerous neurons in brain fire at the same time, leading to large burst of electrical energy (Types: absence/petit mal, atonic, myoclonic, tonic clonic/grand mal)

A

epilepsy/seizure disorders

47
Q

hereditary progressive, degenerative disease affecting 4th chromosome

A

Huntington’s Disease

48
Q

s/s: mm rigidity, tremors, slow movement, myoclonus, chorea (involuntary jerky/uncoordinated, hallucinations)

A

Huntingon’s Disease

49
Q

autoimmune, demyelinating neuro disorder of UMNs in CNS b/c plaques/lesions in brain

A

multiple sclerosis

50
Q

s/s: blurred vision, numb/tingling, cognitive deficits, heat sensitivity, mm weakness, fatigue, unsteady gait

A

multiple sclerosis

51
Q

UMN disease affecting basal ganglia (voluntary movement) d/t deficient dopamine & excess ACH

A

Parkinson’s Disease

52
Q

s/s: tremors, posture changes, masklike facial expression, slow/soft speech, rigidity, difficulty initiating movement, shuffling gait, bradykinesia, cognitive impairment, mm atrophy, fatigue

A

Parkinson’s Disease

53
Q

LMN disorder w/ autoimmune response which motor neurons spared during original poliomyelitis infection become overused/overstressed

A

Post-Polio syndrome

54
Q

PT tx: reduce excess physical activity w/ low-impact aerobics & strengthening (don’t fatigue mm); energy conservation

A

Post-polio syndrome

55
Q

UMN disorder causing partial/complete paralysis (usually d/t trauma)

A

Spinal Cord Injury

56
Q

s/s: lesion to C4/C6- quad/tetraplegia, T6- paraplegia, L1- paraplegia
autonomic dysreflexia

A

spinal cord injury

57
Q

external injury to head that damages brain tissue (usually a fall or MVA); UMN lesion

A

traumatic brain injury

58
Q

s/s: loss of consciousness, dec. memory, HA, dizzy, behavior changes, mood swing, nausea/vomit, seizures, coma

A

TBI

59
Q

2 measurement scales for TBI

A

Glasgow Coma Scale: for acute injury, rate consciousness level
Rancho Los Amigos Scale: determine prognosis

60
Q

collection of blood between skull & dura mater; large, arterial & develops fast

A

epidural hematoma

61
Q

collection of blood between dura mater & arachnoid mater; slow developing, venous

A

subdural hematoma

62
Q

temporary, unilateral facial paralysis d/t trauma (affects CN 7- facial)

A

Bell’s Palsy

63
Q

s/s: asymmetrical facial appearance w/ dropping eyelid/mouth

A

Bell’s Palsy

64
Q

peripheral nerve disease affecting motor, sensory & autonomic systems
causes: diabetes mellitus, guillian-barre, alcoholism, autoimmune disease

A

neuropathy

65
Q

immune system attacks & demyelinates peripheral nerves; triggered by infection of trauma (LMN disease)

A

Guillian Barre Syndrome

66
Q

s/s: LE mm weakness that spreads to UE; no DTRs, flaccidity; greatest weakness at 3 wks

A

Guillian Barre syndrome

67
Q

intense attacks of pain along nerve distribution of CN V- trigeminal; caused by viral infection

A

trigeminal neuralgia /tic douloureux

68
Q

progressive, degenerative disease of UMN & LMN; unknown cause & intact sensory system

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/ Lou Gehrig’s

69
Q

s/s: gradual onset but progressive mm weakness (cachexia), spasticity, involuntary movement, hyperreflexia, fatigue, dysarthria

A

ALS/Lou Gehrig’s

70
Q

neural tube defect that prevents brain formation

A

Anencephaly

71
Q

rare developmental deficit where cerebellum protrudes through foramen magnum & puts pressure on S.C., cerebellum & cerebrum

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

72
Q

wide range of developmental disorders causing impaired social interaction, delayed speech development, repetitive behaviors, sensitivities to stimuli

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

73
Q

any injury to infant brain by congenital abnormalities before/during/immediately after birth
ex: hypoxia, mechanical trauma etc

A

Cerebral Palsy

74
Q

s/s: physical, musculoskeletal, behavioral and cognitive disorders: small jaw/eyes, cleft palate, flat nasal bridge, microencephaly, mental/growth retardation, poor attention & social skills, hyperactivity, etc

A

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

75
Q

developmental defect in forebrain of embryo/fetus

A

holoprosencephaly

76
Q

dorsal column region: proprioception of UEs, trunk & neck; detect vibration, 2 point discrim., graphesthesia

A

fasciculous cuneatus; outer region

77
Q

dorsal column region: proprioception of LEs and trunk

A

fasciculous gracilits; medial region

78
Q

dorsal column: which direction, where crosses, detects what

A

ascending sensory tract
crosses in pons
deep sensation: proprioception, kinesthesia, vibration, combined deep sensation

79
Q

spinothalamic tract: which direction, where crosses, detects what

A

ascending sensory tract
crosses 2-4 levels above S.C.
superficial sensation: light touch/pressure, pain, temperature

80
Q

corticospinal tract: which direction, where crosses; movement per lateral & medial tracts

A

descending motor tract
crossses in brainstem
lateral: contralateral voluntary fine movement
medial: contralateral voluntary discrete/skilled movement

81
Q

Name 3 other ascending/sensory tracts

A

spinoreticular tract
spinotectal tract
spinocerebellar tract

82
Q

Name 4 other descending /motor tracts

A

tectospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
rubrospinal tract

83
Q

lesion of hemisection of SC
ipsilateral paralysis of corticospinal tract
ipsilateral sensory loss at dorsal column
contralateral sensory loss at spinothalamic

A

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

84
Q

loss of motor function (corticospinal) below lesion
loss of superficial sensation below lesion
(dosal columns preserved)

A

Anterior Cord Syndrome

85
Q

spinal cord syndrome: occur from hyperextension injury to cervical or degenerative narrowing of spinal canal
affect UE more than LE

A

Central Cord Syndrome

86
Q

compression of posterior spinal artery
loss of dorsal column function
motor function preserved

A

Posterior Cord Syndrome

87
Q

spinal cord syndrome: a LMN injury w/ areflexic bowel/bladder, saddle anesthesia & variable LE paralysis

A

Cauda Equina Injury

88
Q

spinal cord syndrome: (T12-L2 injury) UMN & LMN deficits w/ loss of bowel/bladder, saddle anesthesia & LE motor weakness

A

Conus medullaris injury

89
Q

s/s: high BP, low HR, diaphoresis, anxiety, stimuli sensitivity

A

autonomic dysreflexia
`

90
Q

place where the anterior and posterior circulation systems of the brain converge to provide collateral blood flow

A

Circle of Willis

91
Q

2 diseases that use lumbar puncture to diagnosis

A

Meningitis
Encephalitis

92
Q

PT tx for which disease?
strength, stretch, aerobic ex, low temp aquatic therapy, functional e-stim, balance, coordination

A

multiple sclerosis

93
Q

PT tx for which disease?
limited physical activity, energy conservation, low-impact aerobics/strength, use AD, (no fatiguing mm)

A

Post-polio syndrome

94
Q
A

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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