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Ex Phys (ESC280) > Respiratory System (Chapter 7) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Chapter 7) Flashcards

1
Q

Structures

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • alveoli
  • diaphragm
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2
Q

Functions

A
  • conducts air in and out of lungs
  • gas exchange between air and blood
  • humidifies air to prevent membrane from drying out
  • warms air to maintain body temp and dec vasoconstriction
  • filter air by mucus and cilia
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3
Q

Pressure changes

A

air moves high to low

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4
Q

Inspiration

A
  • inc intrathoracic cavity volume
  • diaphragm contracts (lowers pressure)
  • muscles elevate ribs
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5
Q

What muscles elevate the ribs

A
  • external intercostals
  • scalenes
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis minor
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6
Q

Expiration

A
  • dec intrathoracic cavity volume
  • diaphragm relaxes (inc pressure)
  • muscles lower ribs
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7
Q

What muscles lower the ribs

A
  • internal intercostals
  • rectus abdominals
  • internal obliques
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8
Q

Airflow

A

pressure difference (P1-P2) / resistance of airway

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9
Q

Airflow resistance

A
  • inc by inc pressure diff/dec resistance
  • diameter of airway effects airflow
  • during exercise, bronchodilation dec = inc airflow
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10
Q

Measuring pulmonary (respiratory variables)

A
  • tidal volume (air moved per breath)
  • frequency (# of breaths per min)
  • volume of air expired (Ve) (total volume of air expired per min) (tidal volume x frequency)
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11
Q

Lung capacity

A
  • volumed measured with spirometry
  • vital capacity is max tidal volume
  • reserve volume is vital capacity - resting tidal volume
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12
Q

Residual volume

A
  • air left in lungs after max expiration
  • keeps lungs from collapsing
  • allows for gas exchange between breaths
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13
Q

Total lung volume

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

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14
Q

Anatomical dead space

A
  • not all the air reaches alveoli (in air body with no function)
  • high tidal volume dec dead space (plateaus at high intensity)
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15
Q

Frequency/depth of breathing

A
  • inc depth occurs before inc frequency
  • frequency is the only thing left to inc Ve
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16
Q

Exercise induced bronchospasm

A

inflammation due to aggravation

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17
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma

A

overall inflammation at airway when worked
- causes bronchospasm

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18
Q

Bronchospasm

A

muscles that line your bronchi (airways in your lungs) tighten

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19
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflamed bronchi (chronic bronchospasm)

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20
Q

Emphysema

A

damaged/enlarged alveoli

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21
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

scarred tissue, stiff lung tissue

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22
Q

Promoting diffusion

A
  • large surface area
  • thin respiratory membrane
  • pressure difference of O2 and CO2
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23
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure = sum of partial pressure

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24
Q

Henry’s Law

A

amount of gases dissolved in any liquid depends on temp, solubility, and partial pressure

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25
Q

Oxygen diffusion

A

partial pressure of O2 needs to be higher in alveoli then blood and higher in blood then tissues

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26
Q

Carbon dioxide diffusion

A

partial pressure of CO2 needs to be higher in blood then alveoli and higher in tissue then blood

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27
Q

What determines lung blood flow

A

cardiac output

28
Q

Inc blood flow

A
  • inc gas diffusion
  • dec time for equilibration
29
Q

how long does diffusion take

A

about 0.25 sec

30
Q

Blood pressure in pulmonary

A

dec vascular resistance = dec damage to respiratory membrane

31
Q

Oxygen transport

A

> 98% is transported by hemoglobin

32
Q

dec O2 on hemoglobin is caused by what

A

inc temp and acid

33
Q

Inc O2 on hemoglobin is caused by what

A

dec temp and acid

34
Q

Carbon dioxide transport

A
  • 70% is transported as bicarbonate in plasma
  • 20% is transported by hemoglobin
  • 7-10% is dissolved in plasma
35
Q

What does CO2 bond to in blood

A

H2O = H2CO3

36
Q

Gas exchange at muscles

A

occurs due to pressure difference between blood and tissues

37
Q

Myoglobin

A
  • O2 transport molecule
  • found in skeletal and cardiac muscles
  • reversibly binds to O2
  • O2 storage
38
Q

Respiratory control center

A
  • a portion of the medulla oblongata and pons
  • “pace maker”
  • controls respiratory muscles based on input/feedback
39
Q

Higher brain centers

A

temporarily overpowers involuntary actions

40
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

measures PCO2 in CSF

41
Q

PO2 receptors in aortic arch and carotid body

A

protects against disease and elevation

42
Q

Peripheral inputs

A
  • plasma chemoreceptors (H+, K+, and PCO2)
  • stretch receptors in lungs
  • proprioceptors in muscles and joints
  • temp receptors
43
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is (invol/vol)

A

involuntary but can be temporarily voluntary by higher brain centers (hyperventilation)

44
Q

Plasma CO2 build up

A

biggest impact on ventilation (hypoventilation)

45
Q

Phases of ventilation (phase 1)

A

vent inc before and at onset
-motor cortex activity and proprioceptors

46
Q

Phases of ventilation (phase 2)

A

exponential rise to steady state
-motor cortex activity and proprioceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors

47
Q

Phases of ventilation (phase 3)

A

fine tuning during steady state
-central and peripheral receptors

48
Q

Phases of ventilation (Recovery)

A

elimination of motor cortex and proprioceptors

49
Q

Respiratory muscle training

A

> 85% max, sympathetic stimulation of respiratory muscles max out
-causes norepinephrine spillover, constricting blood flow to active muscles

50
Q

Training inspiratory and expiratory

A
  • resistance, pressure loaded valves to inc work of respiration
  • endurance, hyperventilation
51
Q

Above steady state

A

disproportionate inc Ve relative to intensity

52
Q

Ventilatory equivalents

A
  • volume of air needed to get 1L of O2 (Ve/VO2) or expire 1L of CO2 (Ve/VCO2)
53
Q

dec Ve/VO2 and Ve/VOC2 does what to ventilation

A
  • deeper breaths
  • both stop at 50% of VO2 max
54
Q

Ve/VCO2 during exercise

A
  • plasma CO2 levels impact Ve (plasma CO2 inc with intensity)
  • levels off before inc during exercise
55
Q

Ve/VCO2 inc when

A

acid exponential inc

56
Q

Ve/VO2 during exercise

A
  • inc after short level of exercise and continue until max VO2
  • intensity and VO2 inc linearly together
  • Ve only reacts with CO2 plasma levels
57
Q

Ventilatory threshold

A

point when Ve/VO2 inc with no change in Ve/VCO2
- RER of 1.0
- estimates LT

58
Q

Respiratory compensation point (RCP)

A

point when both Ve/VO2 and Ve/VCO2 inc
- anaerobic
- acidosis occurs exponentially (sharp inc in VCO2)
- hyperventilation at vital capaity
- estimates OBLA

59
Q

Training Zones

A
  • VT and RCP are used to create 3 training zones
60
Q

Light intensity training zone

A

< (less then) VT

61
Q

Moderate intensity training zone

A

between your VT and RCP

62
Q

High intensity training zone

A

> (greater then) RCP

63
Q

Ventilation limits

A

Ve=tidal volume x frequency
-tidal volume inc first then frequency
-3-5% VO2 used below VT
-8-10% used at high intensity

64
Q

Bigger Ve max help what

A

inc exposure of air to alveoli

65
Q

Efficient CV system transports O2 to what

A

muscles

66
Q

Efficient muscles use a lot of what

A

O2
-results in inc a-v O2 difference

Ex Phys (ESC280) (7 decks)

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