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Ex Phys (ESC280) > Endocrine System (Chapter 8) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Chapter 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Two major systems of communication in the body

A
  • endocrine
  • nervous
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2
Q

Endocrine systems sends signals causing

A
  • physiological response (acute)
  • adaptations (chronic)
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3
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemical released from glands in response to mechanical chemical, neural, or hormonal stimulation
    • changes the function of a cell or tissue
  • specific receptors
  • blood is major transport
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4
Q

Exercise effect on endocrine system

A
  • muscle growth and repair
  • CT repair and remodeling
  • blood glucose control
  • adipose and blood fat levels
  • extrinsic control of HR and SV
  • done density
  • fluid and electrolyte balance and hydration
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5
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • diffuse easily through cell membrane (act directly on
    DNA in cell)
  • anabolic or catabolic
  • corticosteroid (cortisol-like, man made)
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6
Q

Name the steroid hormones

A
  • testosterone
  • estrogen
  • aldosterone
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7
Q

Peptide hormones

A
  • composed of various sequences of amino acid
  • cannot diffuse through cell membrane
    • receptors on outside of cell
    • need a secondary messenger to stimulate DNA
  • very common
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8
Q

Name the peptide hormones

A
  • growth hormone
  • beta-endorphin
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
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9
Q

Amine hormones

A
  • contain nitrogen with various types of alkyl groups
  • quick to break down
  • cannot diffuse through cell membrane
    • receptors on outside of cell
    • need a secondary messenger to stimulate DNA
  • catecholamines (fight or flight)
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10
Q

Name the amine hormones

A
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11
Q

Endocrine hormone transport

A
  • secreted directly into bloodstream
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12
Q

Paracrine hormone transport

A
  • released and acts on nearby cells
  • neurohormones
  • neurotransmitters
  • adipocytes releasing leptin to affect nearby fat cells
  • WBC releasing cytokines and hormones
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13
Q

Autocrine hormone transport

A

released and acts on the cell that released it

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14
Q

Plasma levels

A
  • production vs half-life
  • up and down regulation
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15
Q

Circadian rhythms

A
  • regulation fluctuation
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16
Q

Circadian rhythms impact hormones response to exercise when?

A
  • some are low in the morning then peak later
  • other peak in morning and decline thought-out the
    day
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17
Q

Circadian response patterns are sensitive to?

A
  • light and dark cycles
  • sleep patterns
  • seasonal changes
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18
Q

What regulates secretion

A

feedback systems

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19
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • hormone or its effect causes the gland to dec secretion
  • reduces effect to return to initial status
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20
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • hormone or its effect causes the gland to inc secretion
  • inc effect to continue moving away from the initial status
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21
Q

multiple feedback influences

A

redundant regulation (multiple hormones)

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • controls function of pituitary gland
  • responds to stimuli and/or feedback loops by secreting “releasing” or “inhibiting” hormones
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23
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • “master gland”
  • releases peptide hormones
  • small endocrine gland located just below brain
  • the hormones released influence many physiological
    functions
24
Q

Growth hormone

A
  • not a steroid
  • anabolic
  • stimulated by exercise stress
25
Q

Effects and influences of growth hormones

A
  • muscle fibers
  • protein synthesis
  • adipose cells, breakdown of triglycerides not allowing uptake of lipids
  • other tissues, bones, and CT growth
26
Q

Resistance training and growth hormones

A
  • high volume, moderately heavy, and short rest
  • maximizes release during recovery
  • released in pulses or bust
  • production reduces with age but there is much variability
27
Q

Beta-endorphin

A
  • analgesic effect, partially responsible for “runners high”
  • levels in in response to all types of exercise
  • the harder the workout the more produced
28
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • causes kidneys to reabsorb water
  • dec urination
  • stimulated by inc blood osmolarity
  • diuretic blacks ADH
29
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • creates contraction during labor
  • positive feedback loop
30
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulating hormone)

A
  • stimulates thyroid and calcitonin
  • controls metabolic rate, growth and development, and metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs
  • iodine is needed for synthesize
31
Q

Adrenocorticotropin (stimulating hormone)

A
  • stimulates cortisol production
32
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A
  • GnRH from the hypothalamus causes pituitary to release luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
33
Q

Gonads

A
  • steroid hormone
  • sex hormones
34
Q

Testosterone

A
  • released by gonads
  • most potent anabolic hormone in men
  • builds muscle, bone mass, strength, and libido
  • 10-30 times lower in women
  • inc by exercise
35
Q

Estrogen

A
  • released by gonads
  • promotes female sex traits
  • regulates the menstrual cycle
  • exercise influence on menstrual cycle
  • amenorrhea related to overtraining (linked with malnutrition)
36
Q

liver

A
  • releases peptide hormones
37
Q

Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs)

A
  • released by liver
  • peptides and binding proteins
  • stimulate muscle fibers repair and growth
    -signaling systems are complex and are still not understood
  • effects on target cells can be carried out by endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine
38
Q

Kidneys

A
  • release peptide hormones
39
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A
  • released by the kidney
  • promotes RBC production by stimulating bone marrow
  • stimulated by low hematocrit (cased by training/altitude)
40
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • assists in response to stress
  • located on top of kidney
    • adrenal cortex (outer part)
    • adrenal medulla (inner part)
41
Q

Adrenal gland influences

A
  • high intensity exercise
  • recovery from exercise stress
42
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • releases amine hormones
  • stimulated by SNS to prepare for immediate action
43
Q

Catecholamines (epinephrine)

A
  • released by adrenal medulla
  • 85% of total catecholamines
  • causes an inc HR, contractility of heart, BP, and respiration
  • metabolic rate, glycogenolysis, and release of glucose and fatty acid into blood
  • faster Ca release from SR
44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine and dopamine

45
Q

stimulation related to intensity

A
  • slight inc in blood levels before exercise
    • helps physiological preparation
  • significant inc about 50% of VO2 max
  • exponential inc as exercise reaches max levels
  • quick recovery to resting levels (quick breakdown)
46
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • releases steroid hormones
  • stimulated by other hormones
    • adrenocorticotropin
    • angiotensin II
  • mineralocorticoids regulate electrolytes and water
47
Q

aldosterone

A
  • regulates water balance and electrolytes in blood by regulating tubules and CD in kidney
  • signal kidney to retain sodium and secrete potassium
    • inc BP/V by causing water retention
  • helps balance pH by excreting H+ and releasing bicarbonate into blood
  • stimulates release of an diuretic hormone
  • stimulated by dec BP/V
48
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • regulates sugar
49
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

A
  • primary catabolic hormone in the body
  • protein, glycogen, and fatty acid from adipose tissue breakdown
  • preserve plasma glucose levels
  • glycogenesis from fat and amino acids
  • limits glucose absorption (counteracts insulin)
  • anti-flammatory function, suppresses immune cell function
  • slow recovery, block protein synthesis and suppresses tissue repair
50
Q

Cortisol is increased by

A

high intensity, resistance training and stress

51
Q

Pancreas

A
  • releases peptide hormones
52
Q

Insulin

A
  • secreted when BS levels are above normal
  • produced by beta cells
  • exercise dec insulin in blood and inc sensitivity of insulin
53
Q

Glycogen

A
  • catabolic action to inc BS and fatty acid in blood by glycogenolysis and lipolysis
  • secreted when BS levels are below normal
  • produced by alpha cells
54
Q

Hormones that maintain glucose with endurance training

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • glucagon
  • cortisol
55
Q

Hormones that inc fatty acids with endurance training

A
  • fatty acid and cortisol are opposite
  • growth hormones
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
56
Q

Hormones that maintain fluid balance

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • aldosterone

Ex Phys (ESC280) (7 decks)

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