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Ex Phys (ESC280) > Cardiovascular System (Chapter 6) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Chapter 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of the CV system

A
  • work with all organs and systems
  • deliver oxygen and fuel
  • remove waste
  • circulate hormones and immune components
  • regulate temp and acid-base
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2
Q

What does blood flow determine

A

max capacity for sustained work

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3
Q

Vessels from largest to smallest

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • vein
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4
Q

Circulation routes

A

pulmonary - heart to lungs
peripheral/systemic - heart to whole body

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5
Q

Name the 4 chambers

A

2 atria’s and 2 ventricles

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6
Q

Name the 4 valves and where they are in the heart

A

Atrioventricular
tricuspid - right atrium to ventricle
bicuspid - left atrium to ventricle
Semilunar
pulmonary - right ventricle
aortic - left ventricle

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

tough, membranous sac (encloses the heart)

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8
Q

Blood flow though the heart

A
  • enters right atrium from vena cave
  • pumped though tricuspid into right ventricle
  • pumped though pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery
  • goes to lungs
  • enters after lungs though pulmonary veins into left atrium
  • pumped though bicuspid into left ventricle
  • pumped though aortic valve into aorta
  • goes to whole body
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9
Q

2 coronary arteries

A
  • branch off of aorta and on outside of heart
  • blood is fully oxygenated
  • high BP
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10
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) contraction and force generation

A
  • high mitochondrial density
  • extensive capillary network
  • aerobic energy for contraction
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11
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) intercalated disc

A
  • spread impulse to contract
  • transfers AP to adjoining cells
  • syncytial contraction (simultaneously)
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12
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) AP

A
  • long and slow
  • Ca+ is stored on outside of cell
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13
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) thickness

A

thick chamber wall = great force (contraction)

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14
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) and regular physical training and chronic hypertension

A
  • inc left ventricle wall thickness and mass
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15
Q

Cardiac cycle (heart beat)

A
  • systole (contraction phase)
  • diastole (relaxation/filling phase)
  • “lub-dub” sound is valves closing
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16
Q

Bradycardia

A

< 60 bpm

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17
Q

Normal heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

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18
Q

tachycardiac

A

> 100 bpm

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19
Q

Extrinsic Control

A

nervous system input from medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Extrinsic Control: PSNS

A
  • dec HR
  • vagus nerve to SA and AV nodes
  • release of acetylcholine limits both
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21
Q

Extrinsic Control: SNS

A
  • inc HR
  • cardiac accelerator nerve to SA and AV
  • release of norepinephrine speeds both
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22
Q

Extrinsic Control: endocrine glands

A
  • epinephrine from adrenal gland speed HR and inc contractility
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23
Q

Intrinsic Control

A
  • nodes, AV bundle, and bundle branches
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24
Q

Intrinsic Control: sinoatrial (SA nodes)

A
  • pacemaker
  • AP starts on own and spreads to all cells
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25
Q

Intrinsic Control: atrioventricular (AV node)

A
  • delays impulse by 1/10th of a sec allowing atria to fill and then contract before ventricle
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26
Q

Intrinsic Control: purkinje fibers

A
  • spreads impulse to contract ventricles
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27
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • graphical representation of the hearts electrical activity (intrinsic)
  • electrodes are placed on skin record depolarization and repolarization of cardiac muscle fibers
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28
Q

Electrocardiogram axis’s

A
  • y-axis: vertical height of a wave shows amount of electrical activity
  • x-axis: horizontal length of the wave represents time
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29
Q

Electrocardiogram circuits

A
  • created between the electrodes and called “leads”
  • different angles though the heart
  • positive and negative pole
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30
Q

Electrocardiogram circuit poles

A
  • electrical flow towards positive pole = positive deflection
  • electrical flow towards negative pole = negative deflection
  • the more direct the stronger the deflection
  • EKG waves describe each deflection
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31
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of atria

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32
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of ventricle
Q: septal wall
R: ventricle
S: purkinje fibers

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33
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricle

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34
Q

proper intrinsic control

A

duration and intervals between waves

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35
Q

Sinus rhythm

A

all the waves are present and within time limits

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36
Q

ST depression

A
  • sign of ischemia
  • limited blood supply to cardiac muscles causing ST to be sloped (not flat)
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37
Q

Arterial fibrillation

A
  • other cells (not SA node) triggers contraction = atria spasm
    • causes inefficient pumping with left over blood in
      atria
  • EKG will have irregular QRS, no P wave, inc HR
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38
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

loss of heart function due to dysrhythmia (random rhythm)

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39
Q

Asystole

A

absence of any electrical activity (no rhythm) use CRP

40
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out with each cardiac cycle

41
Q

End diastolic volume

A

blood in ventricles during filling (end of diastolic)

42
Q

End systolic volume

A

blood in ventricles after pump (end of systolic)

43
Q

Ejection fraction

A
  • SV/EDV (SV as %)
  • 60-75% is normal at rest, slight inc with exercise
44
Q

SV inc during exercise (frank starling)

A
  • more blood in in ventricles causes it to stretch more and contract with more force
45
Q

SV inc during exercise (venous return)

A
  • inc
  • contraction of skeletal muscle inc the speed of blood back to the heart = inc blood in atrium = more blood pumped
46
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A

volume of blood pumped per min (HR x SV)
- men: 5 L/min
- women: 4.5 L/min

47
Q

Cardiac Output in train and untrain people

A
  • Q is about the same in trained and untrained people
  • trained people have a higher SV = dec HR
48
Q

Cardiac Output and heart failure

A
  • the heart cant pump enough blood to meet the bodies need
  • ejection fraction is <40%
  • typically due to enlarged heart
49
Q

Factors that influence HR

A
  • inc with age
  • dec with cardiovascular fitness
50
Q

Max HR

A
  • always constant (no change with training)
  • varies based on exercise mode (venous return) and genetics
  • slight dec from year to year
51
Q

Tanaka equation

A

208 - (0.7 x age)

52
Q

Chronic endurance training adaptations

A
  • inc BV, venous return, contractility, and thickness of ventricle walls
  • larger ventricles
53
Q

chronic endurance training results in

A
  • inc EDV, SV at all intensity’s, and max Q
  • dec HR at rest and at submaxim intensity’s
  • no change in max HR or resting Q
54
Q

inc intensity

A
  • inc HR and SV to produce enough Q to continue delivering Q2
  • SV does not inc at high intensities
  • HR continues to inc to max
  • trained people SV inc to keep HR down
  • untrained people have a limited SV (rely on HR to in Q)
55
Q

Coronary Artery/Heart disease (CAD)

A
  • group of diseases with similar mechanism
  • causing blockage and hardening of arteries
    - resulting in restriction of blood flow to tissues
    - endothelial cells protect artery wall from damage
56
Q

Causes of CAD

A
  • atherosclerosis
    • narrowing of artery
    • plaque coats inside of vessels in response to
      damage
    • can happen anywhere in the body
  • arteriosclerosis
    • hardening/thickness of artery wall
    • due to infection/inflammation, plaque, scar tissue
    • age
57
Q

Atherosclerosis process (fatty streak)

A
  • lipoproteins, microphages, and platelets
  • forms between layers of arteries (under endothelial cells)
58
Q

Atherosclerosis process (formation of plaque)

A
  • fatty streak material grows
  • narrows interior walls = inc pressure
59
Q

Atherosclerosis process (plaque rupture)

A
  • due to high pressure/trauma
  • endothelial tissue tares
60
Q

Atherosclerosis process (thrombosis)

A
  • formed to plug the rupture
  • clot inside the vessels
  • grows with trauma
61
Q

Atherosclerosis process (occlusion)

A
  • blocks vessels
  • embolism is a thrombosis that broke free
62
Q

Atherosclerosis resulting problems

A
  • ischemia
    • inadequate blood supply
  • angina pectoris (chest pain)
  • myocardial infarction (MI)
    • heart attack
    • causes death of myocardium (permeant damage)
63
Q

Atherosclerosis treatment

A
  • improve CV fitness
  • angioplasty
  • stent
  • bypass surgery
64
Q

Blood flow

A

change in pressure (P1-P2) / resistance to flow

65
Q

Blood flow resistance

A
  • dec resistance = inc flow
  • inc radius = inc flow
66
Q

Blood pressure

A
  • dependent on body size
  • dec with distance from heart
  • inc as Q inc
  • dec capacitance improves (inc stretch = dec BP)
  • difference during cardiac cycle
67
Q

Resting BP

A

120/80 mmHg in brachial artery
0-20 mmHg in venules and veins

68
Q

Hypertension

A
  • 47% of Americans have high BP
  • major risk for cardiovascular disease
69
Q

elevated BP

A
  • systolic: 120-129
  • diastolic is normal
70
Q

high BP (hypertension)

A
  • systolic: 130-139
  • diastolic: 80-89
71
Q

BP and exercise

A
  • acute
  • chronic
    • both aerobic and weight training improve
      capacitance
72
Q

Plasma components

A
  • 55-60% of BV
  • 90% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 3% other
73
Q

Plasma volume changes with exercise

A
  • dec 10-20% during intense/prolonged exercise
    - inc BP forces plasma into intervascular spaces
  • can inc 10-20% at rest from adaptation to training
74
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • ratio of solid to liquids as %
75
Q

Hematocrit components

A
  • formed elements make up 40-45 % of blood
  • 99% RBC and 1% WBC/platelets
76
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • transport O2 via hemoglobin
  • produced in bone marrow of long bones
  • nuclei is removed in production so it can not repair itself (last 3-4 months)
77
Q

Platelets

A
  • blood clotting
  • contribute to plaque build up = atherosclerosis
78
Q

Arterial venous oxygen difference

A
  • difference of O2 levels in blood entering tissues compared to leaving tissues
  • measured in mL of O2/100 mL of blood
  • 19 ml O2/100mL is fully saturated
79
Q

Causes of gas exchange in tissues

A
  • concentration difference between blood and tissues
  • occurs in skeletal muscles and lungs
80
Q

O2 use at rest

A
  • 5 mL/100mL
81
Q

O2 use during exercise

A
  • > 15 mL/100mL
82
Q

Fick (VO2) equation

A

=Q x (a-v O2 diff)

83
Q

VO2 adaptions with exercise

A
  • both variables (Q and a-v O2 diff) inc with exercise and over time with training
84
Q

Blood flow to active muscle is determined by

A
  • BP and shunting
    • SNS general vasoconstriction = inc BP
    • local vessel dilation = dec pressure in muscle
  • forces/draws blood to active muscles
85
Q

Redistribution of blood flow at rest

A

15-20% of Q goes to skeletal muscle

86
Q

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise

A

80-85% of Q goes to skeletal muscles

87
Q

During exercise blood flow to everywhere other then skeletal muscles dec expect for

A
  • heart
  • brain
  • skin
88
Q

BF and parallel circuity

A
  • allows direct flow from aorta to all organs individually
89
Q

Extrinsic control of BF

A

vasodilation/constriction via sympathetic nervous system

90
Q

Norepinephrine

A

vasocontraction in arterial of skin and viscera

91
Q

Acetylcholine

A

vasodilation in skeletal mucsles

92
Q

Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine

A

vasodilation in skeletal mucsles

93
Q

Intrinsic control of BF

A
  • autoregulation
    • changes in skeletal muscles (acid levels) stimulate chemoreceptors and inc vasodilation
94
Q

Venous return

A
  • blood needs to get back to the heart to maintain Q
  • venoconstriction via sympathetic stimulation (non-skeletal muscle tissue)
  • muscle pump: contractions pump blood though one-way valves
  • respiratory pump: rhythmic muscle contractions
  • body position
95
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A
  • occurs with prolong steady-state exercise
  • gradual dec in SV and arterial pressure causes inc HR to main Q
96
Q

Cardiovascular drift is caused by

A
  • reduced plasma volume (dehydration)
  • inc temp
  • reduced diastolic heart function

Ex Phys (ESC280) (7 decks)

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