Respiratory System - Anatomy Flashcards
External Respiration
Process in which oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into blood within the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide is excreted
Internal Respiration
The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells which surround them.
Cellular Respiration
Process within individual cells through which they gain energy by breaking down molecules such as glucose
(mitochondria, consumes oxygen and generates carbon dioxide)
Pulmonary Ventilation
Breathing
Describes the bulk movement of air into and out of the lungs. The ventilatory pump comprises the rib cage with its associated muscles and the diaphragm
Conducting Part
Series of cavities and thick-walled tubes which conduct air between the nose and the deepest parts of the lungs, and in doing so warm, humidify and clean it
What are the conducting airways?
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory Part
Comprises the tiny, thin-walled airways where gases are exchanged between air and blood
What are the respiratory airways?
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts and Sacs
Alveoli
What is the path of air?
Ventilatory Pump (air) *oxygen
Left Cardiac Pump (blood)
Internal Respiration blood-tissues
Cellular respiration within cells *Co2
Right Cardiac Pump (blood)
Ventilatory Pump (air
What conditions are needed for air to help with gas exchange?
Clean
Warm (37)
Humidified (H20 100% saturated)
What is Mucous Membrane?
Secreted by goblet cells
Pseudostratified columnar, ciliated cells
Helps with filtration
What are Goblet Cells made of?
Epithelial + Mucus Cells
What are Conchae?
Collection of bones in Nasal Cavity
Helps with warming blood supply underneath mucous membrane + humidity. Creates Turbulence
(increase SA)
What is Humidification?
Add water to air
What is Mucociliary Escalator
Inside of the conducting airways and is made up of mucus and cilia, which moves the mucus up and out of the lungs where it can be expelled by coughing or swallowing
Define the Nasal Cavity?
Tall, Narrow chamber lined with mucous membrane.
Paranasal
Near the nose
What do Paranasal sinuses do?
Open into the cavity
Lighten the face and add resonance to the voice
What does the roof of the Nasal Cavity carry?
Olfactory Epithelium
Tissue inside nasal cavity which have Olfactory Receptor Cells that help with smell.
They lead towards the brain through perforations in the overlying bone
Cribriform Plates
Part of bone at base of skull
Allow for the passage of the olfactory nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity
What does smoking do to Cilia?
Paralyses them
What does Cilia do?
Moves mucus
What are the three parts of the Pharynx in order?
Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharynx (near voice box)
What happens when you swallow?
Soft palate closes Naropharynx
Glottis closed
Esophagus forced open
What is a generation?
Everytime a tube branches
What is the name for when every tube branches twice?
Dichotamous Branching
How many generations are there?
28
What generations are the conducting and respiratory zones?
Conducting 1-19
Respiratory 20-28
Which generation is most at risk for infection?
17-20
What epithelium lines the Trachea?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What are 3 things lining the Trachea?
Mucous Glands
Goblet Cells
Ciltrate cells (cellular energy metabolism)
What is the Trachea supported by?
C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Free ends of the cartilage by trachealis smooth muscle
What is the order of components of the wall of the bronchus?
Cilia
Goblet Cells + Columnar Ciliated Epithelium
Smooth Muscle (contractile element)
Mucus Glands
Cartilage Plates
What is the order of components of the wall of the bronchiole?
Club Cell Secretions
Club Cells
Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Smooth Muscle
What do the the Bronchi have that the Bronchioles don’t?
Goblet Cells
Mucus Glands
Cartilage
What are Club Cell Secretions?
Watery with anti-bacterial properties against virus + bacteria
What epithelium is in Upper Airways?
Tall, Ciliated, Columnar, Pseudostratified
What epithelium is in the Alveoli?
Thin Squamous cells (gas exchange)
What is the Terminal Bronchiole?
Last tube of conducting zone
What is the Respiratory Bronchiole?
Transition into Alveoli
What do the Alveoli have wrapped around them?
Rich Capillary Network
What are some cells on the Alveolar wall?
Type l Alveolar
Type ll Alveolar
Alveolar Macrophage
Type l Alveolar Cell
Type l pneumocyte
Squamous Epithelium
Gas exchange and Alveolar Fluid Regulation
Type ll Alveolar Cell
Secrete Surfactant (Phospholipid)
Breaks down surface tension of water with air
Keeps Alveoli open, reduces work of breathing
Alveolar Macrophage
Ingest leftover particles or bleeding
How many lobes in the bronchi on each side?
3 left
2 right
How many tertiary bronchi (segmental) on each side?
8 left
10 right
Pleurae
Smooth membrane that covers each lung
Also lines thoracic cavity where the lung sits
What separates the two pleuras at the lung and the skeletal muscle?
Pleural Cavity (FLUID)
Allows the pleurae to slide past each other without friction. Also prevents them from being seperated
Passive or Active?
Inspiration + Expiration
Inspiration = Active (requires contraction of external intercostal muscles)
Expiration = Passive
What happens during exercise?
Both intercostal muscles become active
External for Inspiration
Internal for Expiration
Visceral vs Parietal Pleura
Visceral (internal/lung)
Pleural(outer/muscle)
Diaphragm
Dome-shaped platform which forms the floor of the thorax and the roof of the abdomen
What is the central part of the Diaphragm?
Central Tendon
What happens due to the diaphragmatic muscle contracting?
Flattens the diaphragm, pulling its central dome downwards. Increases the volume of the thorax and causes inspiration
What happens due to the diaphragmatic muscle relaxing?
Allows the diaphragm to lift back towards the thorax, reducing thoracic volume (expiration)
