Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MEDSCI142 > Musculoskeletal System (Joints) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System (Joints) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint classified as?

A

A point where two or more bones interconnect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can the function of a joint be determined?

A

By looking at the different tissues and the shape of the articular surfaces (its structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Arthrosis

A

Joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 3 functions of the joint?

A

Movement
Force Transmission
Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Sutures?

A

Natural breaks in bone which help with appositional growth. Allows for bone to grow outwards for skull to grow larger. Fuses in adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Synathrosis

A

Immovable joint
High stability/ Low movement
Location: Axial Skeleton
Used for growth + force transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Ankylosis mean?

A

Stiffness of joint due to rigidity of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ampiarthrosis

A

Slightly Moveable
Moderate stability and movement
Mix of axial and appendicular
Used for movement and force transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely Moveable
Low stability/High movement
Location: Appendicular Skeleton
(most damaged)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can movement of joints be most determined by?

A

Tissue surrounding it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

A

Type of Diarthrosis
Not restricted by properties of tissues which hold the ends of bone together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 main features of synovial joints?

A

Articular Cartilage
Articular Capsule
Joint Cavity
Synovial Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Articular Cartilage?

A

Specialised type of Hyaline Cartilage
Protects the ends of bone
Absorbs shock, supports heavy loads + provides a frictionless surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

Cells in articular cartilage
- Help to build, repair and maintain cartilage
-Lives in Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a group of Chondrocytes called?

A

Nests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What makes up the ECM in Articular Cartilage?

A

Ground Substances (Water & GAGs + Proteoglycans)
Fibres (Type ll Collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does water help with in Articular Cartilage?

A

Is the fluid component that can move nutrients and waste in and out of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two types GAGs

A

Hyaluronic Acid
Chrondoitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type of Proteoglycan

A

Aggrecan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do the GAGs and PGs help with?

A

Provide swelling and hydrating mechanism for the function of cartilage
Part of solid component that is fixed to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Collagen fibres help with in Articular Cartilage?

A

Structural Integrity
Specific Zonation patterns
Part of solid component fixed to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three zones in Articular Cartilage?

A

Surface (Low PG)
Middle (Mid PG)
Deep (High PG)

24
Q

How is the Surface Zone anchored to the bone?

A

Fibres running down

25
What is the order of Cartilage to Bone?
Surface Zone Middle Zone Deep Zone Tide Mark Calcified Cartilage Osteochondral Junction Subchondral Bone
26
What is the Calcified Cartilage area?
Low in PG High in Hydroxyapatite (secreted by chondrocytes) Has the properties of bone and the deformable cartilage area Gap between Cartilage and bone to stop the shearing forces from tearing the cartilage off bone.
27
What is the osteochondral junction?
Line between Calcified Cartilage and Bone Is convoluted, meaning not just a straight line (helps for more SA to stick the cartilage to bone)
28
How do chondrocytes get nutrients?
Cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves, so they get nutrients through diffusion though the water in the cartilage
29
What is a repeating disaccharide unit called?
Glycosaminoglycan e.g Chrondroitin & Kertain Sulphate
30
What is a Large Proteoglycan Complex?
Proteoglycan attach to a long hyaluronic acid (GAG) chain
30
What is a Proteoglycan?
Many glycosaminoglycans attached to a protein core -Negative charges repel each other and make the GAGs stand out like bottle brush bristles
31
What causes a monosaccharide to get a negative charge?
They have carboxyl or sulphate groups that when you put in an aqueous solution lose a protein and get a negative charge
32
What are Osteophytes?
Bone growing in weird places Happens mostly in old people
33
Explain the Loading Cycle of Articular Cartilage
1. 2. -ve charges on the repeating disaccharide units attracts +ve ions into the cartilage from the joint space. Increases the ion concentration in the matrix 3. Increase in ion concentration creates osmotic gradient which draws water into the ECM. Cartilage begins to swell 4. As cartilage swells the collagen is placed under increasing tension. Eventually the swelling force= tensional forces and swelling stops (unloaded equilibrium) 5. When a load is introduced the water and +ve ions get squeezed out of cartilage back into the joint cavity. (helps get waste and Co2 out) 6. This pushes the +ve charges closer together. Eventually the cartilage will stop shrinking
34
What is Creep?
Loss of fluid reduces the volume of cartilage
35
What is Unloaded Equilibrium
Cartilage stops swelling
36
What is Loaded Equilibrium?
Cartilage stops shrinking
37
What are the two layers in the Articular Capsule?
Fibrous (outer) Synovial Membrane (inner)
38
What is the role of the Articular Capsule?
Suitably Loose to permit joint movement Can become tight when it comes to the limits of natural range of motion
39
What is the Articular Capsule perforated by?
Blood Vessels and Nerves
40
What type of connective tissue is the Fibrous Layer?
Dense Connective Tissue (irregular and regular)
41
What is a Ligament?
Dense regular connective tissue connecting bone to bone
42
What is the Fibrous Layer made up of?
Parallel, but interlacing bundles of white collagen fibres that are continuous with the periosteum (poorly vascularised, but lots of nerves)
43
What are thicker sections of the Fibrous Layer called?
Capsular Ligaments Resist tensional forces and check abnormal joint movement
44
What type of connective tissue is the Synovial Membrane?
Loose Connective Tissue (varying thickness)
45
What areas does the Synovial Membrane line?
All non-articular surfaces inside the joint cavity, up to the articular cartilage
46
What are the two layers of the Synovial Membrane?
Subintima (outer) Intima (inner)
47
Synovial Intima
Very thin and made up of 1-3 cells thick The cells called Synoviocytes secrete some components in Synovial Fluid?
48
Synovial Subintima
Highly Vascular Contains Macrophages, fats cells (adipocytes) and fibroblasts that maintain and protect the Articular Capsule during normal movement
49
What are Synoviocytes?
Found in the Intima Secret Hyaluronic Acid + Lubricants
50
What do the Fibroblasts do in the Fibrous Layer?
Secrete Collagen
51
What is the Joint Cavity?
Small area between articulating surfaces Its peripheries/sides are filled by villi from the synovial membrane
52
What is Synovial Fluid?
Ultrafiltrate of Blood Plasma that leaks out of blood vessels in the Subintima
53
What are some free cells found in low concentrations of Synovial Fluid?
Monocytes Lymphocytes Macrophages Synoviocytes
54
What are some functions of Synovial Fluid?
Joint Lubrication/ Maintenance Shock Absorption Chondrocyte metabolism

MEDSCI142 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions