Reproduction Flashcards
Oxytocin
helps with smoth muscle contraction, causing milk ejection and contraction of uterus during birth. Used to induce labour
Oestradiol
Main site of estrogen production in the granulose ceols of the growing follice
Progesterone
main steroidal hormone of the corpus luteum and of the placenta
associated with preprations for pregnancy and its maintenance
SRY Gene
Sex-determining region on the Y chromosome provides the pathways for testes to develop
Absences of SRY = female
xx
female
xy
male
Mullerian duct
females
Wolffian duct
male
Precocious Puberty
7 female
9 male
GnRH dependent problem
Delayed Puberty
Gonadotropin signals from the pituitary are inadequate for sex steroid hormone production
Menopause
consequence of ovaries running out of follicles
Oestrogen
one of the main female sex hormones. It is needed for puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone strength and other functions of the body.
Vagina
serves as a passegway for the elimination of menstrual fluids. Also holds spermatozoa before they pass into the ueterus
- elastic muscular
Uterus
Provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for developing fetuses
What are the two zones of the endometrium in the Uterus?
Inner Functional Zone (stratum functionalis - uterine glands for nutrients)
Outer Basilar Zone (stratum basalis - attaches endometrium to myometrium)
Myometrium
Muscular wall of uterus
Important for contractions
Fundus
top of the uterus to the pubic bone
Where does fertilisation happen in the fallopian tubes?
ampulla
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
provides a rich nutrientive enviroment containing lipids and glycogen for spermatozoa, oocyte and the developing embryo
Epithelium lining the uterine tubes
ciliated and non-ciliated secretory columnar cells
Ectopic Pregnancy
fertilized embryo is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall
Three regions of the Ovaries
Outer Ovarian Cortex - contains ovarian follicles
Central Ovarian Medulla - contains ovarian stroma + steroid producing cells
Inner Hilum (hilus) - point of entry for nerves and BV
What does the presence of hcG mean in maternal blood?
Indicator of pregnancy and is the hormone used in at home pregnancy tests
Follicular phase
dau 1-14
(menstrual phase + preovulatory phase)
Luteal Phase
14-28
(ovulation + postovulatory phase)
Three phases of the endometrial cycle
menstrual
proliferative
secretory
Order of Spermatogenic Cells formation
Spermatogonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoon (sperm cell)
What are the functions of the tail/midpiece/head of the sperm?
Head - contains DNA and is covered by a acrosome that is filled with enzymes required for egg penetration
Midpiece - packed with mitochondria for energy
Tail - swimming
Sertoli cells
Stimulate production of ABP
Form barriers
produce inhibin which can turn of FSH production
Leydig cells
produce testerone
outside seminiferous tubules
Dihydrotestosterone
cannot be converted into estrogen
Kisspeptin
sits above GnRh neurons and when its produced it causes secretion of GnRh
Oligospermia
reduced count of sperm <20 million
Azoospermia
no sperm in ejaculate
Immotile
can’t swim
testes
located in the scrotum
cryptorchidism
if they testes do not descend during pregnancy from the pelvis
Where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
Where do sperm move to from the seminiferous tubules?
rete testis
epididymis
vas deferens
Vas deferens
tube where sperm is stored for several months
- runs from the epididymis up and around the bladder -> then back down to the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles
Secretory glands that produce a mucoid substance that is alkaline. contains fructose for energy
doesn’t store it
Order of ejaculation
Prostatic Secretions
Sperm
Seminal Vesicle secretions
what passes through the prostate?
urethra
What does the prostate secrete?
slightly acidic prostatic fluid
prostate specific antigen that breaks down poste ejaculation coagulum to prevent sperm from getting stuck in the vagina
How is the acidity of the prostatic fluid neutralised?
in the semen by seminal vesicle fluid
What is the semen made of?
Sperm
Seminal vesicle fluid
Prostatic fluid
other secretions
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
excess growth of the prostate
- can cover the urethra, meaning trouble urinating
What do the drugs Finasteride + Dutasteride do?
stop the prostrate enlarging/shrink it
Penile Urethra
conducts semen (and urine)
3 main parts of the penis
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus Spongiosum
Penile Urethra
Corpus spongiosum
surrounds the penile urethra and prevents occlusion during erection
Corpora Cavernose x2
the main erectile tissues
What does the release of NO and Prostaglandin E1 do?
Causes the smooth muscle of the corposa cavernosa to relax
What does Viagra?
inhibits phoshodiesterase (type 5) leading to increase in GMP, relaxation of the arteies supplying the corpora cavernose and erection
GMP
is required for the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpa cavernosa
