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MEDSCI142 > Autocrine & Endocrine > Flashcards

Autocrine & Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What do Afferent (sensory) neurons do?

A

Collect information from around the body and feed back to the spinal chords

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2
Q

What do Efferent (motor) neurons do?

A

Take signals from brain + spinal chord to peripheries

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3
Q

What are the two types of Efferent Neurons?

A

Somatic (skeletal muscle)
Autonomic (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)

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4
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary

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6
Q

What do the Axon Terminals do?

A

Communicate with other nerves or tissues

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7
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath for?

A

Insulation

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8
Q

What is the Sympathetic part of the Autonomic System?

A

Responses associated with exercise, emotion and excitement

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9
Q

What is the Parasympathetic part of the Autonomic System?

A

Responses associated with repletion, rest and relaxation

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10
Q

Where is the control of output for the Autonomic System?

A

Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Spinal Chord

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11
Q

Where is the control of output for the Somatic System?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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12
Q

What type of Neuron pathway is the Autonomic System?

A

Two-neuron pathway

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13
Q

What type of Neuron pathway is the Somatic System?

A

One-neuron pathway

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14
Q

What is an Effector?

A

An organ, a gland, or a muscle that can respond and becomes active in response to a stimulus

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15
Q

What are the Effectors of the Autonomic system?

A

Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Glands

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16
Q

What are the Effectors of the Somatic System?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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17
Q

Which Neurotransmitters are associated with the Autonomic System?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

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18
Q

What is a Ganglion?

A

Collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary + autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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19
Q

What are some functions of the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Controls internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
  • Regulates behaviour patterns, circadian rhythms, and sleep/wake cycle
  • Controls body temperature
  • Regulates eating and drinking behaviour
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20
Q

What are the Hypothalamic Nuclei?

A

Cellular Areas with important functions in controlling endocrine + autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

What do the Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus both regulate?

A

Growth, Development, Metabolism + Homeostasis

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22
Q

What does the Hypothalamus Produce?

A

9 hormones
Releasing + Inhibitory hormones to control pituitary

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23
Q

What is the difference between the posterior and anterior pituitary?

A

Anterior- Produces and Release Hormones
Posterior - Release hormones into blood stream

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23
Q

What does the Pituitary gland produce?

A

7 Hormones
Controls Endocrine Organs

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23
Q

What does the Infundibulum do?

A

Stalk that connects the Hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

What are Glucocorticoids?

A

Steroid Hormones produced in adrenal glands
Fight inflammation and work with your immune system to treat wide range of health problems.

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24
Q

What is Cortisol?

A

Hormone produced by Adrenal Gland
Type of Glucocorticoids
Primary stress hormone

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24
Q

What does Cortisol do for Gluconeogenesis?

A

Liver cells convert some amino acids or lactic acid to glucose which neuron’s and other cells can use for ATP production

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24
Q

What does Cortisol do for Protein Breakdown?

A

Increase protein breakdown mainly in muscle fibre
Amino acids released into bloodstream can be used for synthesis of new proteins and ATP production

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24
Q

What does Cortisol do for Lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into blood

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25
Q

What does Cortisol do for Resistance to Stress?

A

Increased Glucose and ATP combat stresses such as exercise. fasting, fright, infection and disease….

26
Q

What does Cortisol do for Vasoconstriction?

A

Blood Vessels become more sensitive to hormones that cause vasoconstriction leading to rise in blood pressure

27
Q

What does Cortisol do for Anti-inflammatory?

A

Inhibit white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses (to limit tissue damage by then)
However can retard tissue repair and slow wound healing

28
Q

What does Cortisol do for Immune Depression?

A

High glucocorticoid concentration depress immune responses.

29
Q

What is the Flight-or-flight response?

A

Sympathetic Activation
ADRENA MEDULLA
(epinephrine and norepinephrine)

30
Q

What is the Resistance Reaction?

A

Slower, long lasting
ADRENAL CORTEX (+ hypothalamus & pituitary)
Cortisol production

31
Q

What is Eustress?

A

Acute
-Prepares us to meet certain challenges
-Helpful, Beneficial

32
Q

What is Distress?

A

Chronic
-Associated with undesirable events
-Potentially harmful

33
Q

What is a Schwann Cell?

A

Surrounds neuron’s and the axons.
Cover myelinated cells with a myelin sheath

34
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Protein that insulates the nerve + helps electrochemical signals to transmit along the nerve

35
Q

Summary of Nerve Synapses

A
  1. Electrochemical charge changes the voltage in the bulb
  2. Leads to a change in some proteins that are voltage-gated ca+ in axon bulbs. They alter the structure so that ca+ can come in and alter the behaviour of vesicles of neurotransmitter molecules
  3. Neurotransmitters move towards the synaptic cleft. Fuse with membrane and release their small neurotransmitters into cleft
    4/5. Neurotransmitters bind to the Ligand-gated channels which open up to allow na+ to go into postsynaptic cleft
  4. Nerve impulse created
36
Q

Pupil dilation in Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic = dilated
Parasympathetic = contraction

37
Q

Saliva/Digestion in Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic = decrease saliva + digestion
Parasympathetic = increase saliva + digestion

38
Q

Bronchi in Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic = dilation (fast breathing)
Parasympathetic = constriction (slow breathing)

39
Q

What happens in the Somatic pathway?

A

Impulse travels along myelinated motor neuron
ACh is the neurotransmitters

40
Q

What happens in the Autonomic pathway?

A

Preganglionic myelinated neuron
Then Autonomic ganglion holds synapse (ACh)
Postganglionic unmyelinated neuron

41
Q

Which neurotransmitters are used in the Sympathetic nerves? And what is the exception?

A

ACh -> NE

Exception = Sweat glands
- Just ACh

42
Q

Which neurotransmitter are used in the Parasympathetic nerves?

A

ACh

43
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Central Components of the Endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal

44
Q

What other areas of the body produce hormones?

A

Pineal Gland (brain)
Thyroid + Parathyroid (throat)
Thymus (chest)
Pancreas
Ovary/Testes

45
Q

What do Endocrine organs do?

A

Secrete hormones (signalling molecules)

46
Q

What is a Circulating Hormone?

A

Aims for distant target cells by going through the bloodstream

47
Q

What is a Paracrine Hormone?

A

Acts on local target cells
(Doesn’t have to go through bloodstream)

48
Q

What is an Autocrine Hormone?

A

Acts on itself and its own receptors

49
Q

What is the Cycle of Hormone Release?

A
50
Q

What is the Mechanism of Lipid-Soluble Hormones?

A
51
Q

What are Lipid-Soluble Hormones?

A

Hormones that can’t travel through blood stream on own, but can pass freely through lipid bilayer

52
Q

What are Water Soluble Hormones?

A

Hormones that can travel through blood without receptor. But cannot go through lipid bilayer so need a transmembrane proetein

53
Q

What are some example of Lipid Soluble Hormones?

A

Steriod
Thyroid

54
Q

What are some examples of Water-soluble Hormones?

A

Peptides
Proteins

55
Q

What is the Mechanism of Water-Soluble Hormones?

A
56
Q

What do protein kinases do?

A

Add phosphates to proteins

57
Q

What is the portal system between the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary?

A

Capillaries - Portal Vein - Capillaries

58
Q

How is the Alarm Response enhanced?

A

Hormones from pituitary signal to adrenal medulla
Modified postganglionic neurons act as secretory cells
NE and E is secreted into bloodstream (adrenaline)

59
Q

What is the Adrenal Medulla stimulated by?

A

Acetylcholine from sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons

59
Q

What is the purpose of the Adrenal Medulla pathway?

A

Sustain and enhance alarm response longer than a normal sympathetic response

60
Q

What is the purpose of the Adrenal Cortex pathway?

A

Resistance to stress, dampens inflammation, and alters immune reponses
Increase blood sodium and water, decrease potassium leading to increased blood volume and pressure

61
Q

What is the Adrenal Cortex stimulated by?

A

CRH stimulates ACTH which stimulates the cortex to release Cortisol
(neurosecretory cells release CRH into primary hypophysheal plexus, then portal vein to anterior pituitary

62
Q

What is the negative feedback loop to do with the adrenal cortex?

A

CRH stimulates ACTH which stimulates the cortex to release cortisol
Cortisol then acts on the CRH to turn down the response

63
Q

Whats does adenyl cyclase do?

A

Generates the secondary messenger, cAMP
(uses ATP)

64
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

Part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses,

65
Q

Somatic Nerves

A

In peripheries, associated with voluntary control of skeletal muscles

66
Q

What does the Pineal Gland do?

A

Control circadian rhythm by secreting melatonin

67
Q

What is Inducibility?

A

Activated or undergoing expression only in the presence of a particular molecule.

68
Q

What are the Hypophyseal Portal Veins?

A

Blood vessels at base of brain that connect it to the anterior pituitary

MEDSCI142 (18 decks)

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