Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

Answer 1

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Question 2

what 2 bones articulate with the manubrium?

Answer 2

clavicles & 1st pair of ribs

Question 3

what attaches to the body of the sternum ?

Answer 3

costal cartilages of ribs 3-6

Question 4

what attaches to the xiphisternum ?

Answer 4

part of the costal cartilage of the 7th ribs

Question 5

where would you find the sternal angle of Louis?

Answer 5

Where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum

Question 6

Which rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle

Answer 6

2nd

Question 7

Which two dermatomes meet at the sternal angle?

Answer 7

C4 & T2

Question 8

what three important structure lie immediately underneath the sternal angle?

Answer 8

the bifurcation of the trachea
the start and end of the arch of aorta
the border between the superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 9

Which ribs articulate with the sternum directly

Answer 9

1-7 ‘true ribs’

Question 10

Which ribs are false ribs (have cartilages on their anterior ends that are joined to cartilage of the rub superior to them (indirect connection to the sternum)

Answer 10

8-10

Question 11

which ribs are floating ribs?

Answer 11

11 & 12

Question 12

what three joints are associated with the ribs ?

Answer 12

sternocostal joints - between costal cartilages & the sternum. (mainly synovial joints apart form the first rib (primary cartilaginous joint)

Costochondral joints - between costal cartilages and the ribs (primary cartilaginous)

Vertebral joints - the rib articulates with the vertebra at two points. The head of the rib articulates with the articulating facets of the bodies of 2 vertebrae (its own & the one above) (costovertebral joints) the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of its own vertebrae (costotransverse joint)

Both vertebral joints are synovial joints

Question 13

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 13

posteriorly by T1 vertebra
Laterally by 1st pair of ribs & their costal cartilages
Anteriorly by the superior border of the manubrium

Question 14

What structures former the circumferential border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 14

Posteriorly by T12
Postolaterally by 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
anteriorly by xiphisternal joint
anterolaterally by joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin

Question 15

Name 4 key structures passing through the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 15

IVC, oesophagus, abdominal aorta, thoracic duct

Question 16

What are the four posterior axioappenidicular muscles ? (muscles of the back)

Answer 16

Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rhomboid major & minor, erector spine

Question 17

what are the four anterior axioappendiculae muscles and there functions?

Answer 17

Pectoralis Major: adducts & medially rotates upper limb & draws scapula anteroinferiorly

Pectoralis minor: stabilises scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against thoracic wall

Serratus anterior: rotates scapula allowing the arm to be raised over 90degrees against rib cage

Sternocleidomastoid: flexes neck. Works with scalene muscles in neck during forces inspiration to raise sternum. (accessory muscle in inspiration)

Question 18

what are the three layers of intercostal muscles and what direction does each layer run?

Answer 18

superficial (external intercostal muscles) - infer-anteriorly

middle (internal intercostal) - inferoposteriorly

deep (innermost intercostal muscle) - obliquely backwards & forward from sternum to angle of rib inferoposteriorly

Question 19

In what anatomical feature of the rib does the Intercostal nerovascular bundle lie?

Answer 19

costal groove

Question 20

between which 2 muscle layers does the intercostal neurovascular bundle lie ?

Answer 20

internal intercostal & innermost intercostal muscles

Question 21

What is the order of the contents of the neurvascular bundle ?

Answer 21

superior/inferior - vein, artery, nerve

Question 22

posterior intercostal arteries are branches of which larger arteries ?

Answer 22

Thoracic aorta

Question 23

anterior intercostal arteries are branches of which larger arteries ?

Answer 23

internal thoracic arteries, muscalophrenic arteries

Question 24

what vein do the anterior intercostal veins drain into ?

Answer 24

internal thoracic vein

Question 25

what veins do the posterior intercostal veins drain to on the left and right ?

Answer 25

Left: hemiazygous & accessory hemiazygous Right: azygous vein

Question 26

where foes the internal thoracic vein drain to ?

Answer 26

axillary vein

Question 27

what type of muscle is the diaphragm ?

Answer 27

skeletal muscle,

Question 28

is the diaphragm innervated by somatic or autonomic nerves?

Answer 28

autonomic- phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

Question 29

what are the attachments of the diaphragm ?

Answer 29

lumbar vertebrae & arcuate ligamanets, costal cartilages of 7-10, diploid process of sternum

Question 30

what are the 3 main openings in the diaphragm and at what vertebrae level?

Answer 30

``` IVC T8 (caval hiatus) Oesophagus T10 (oesophageal hiatus) Aorta T12 (aortic hiatus) ```

Question 31

what organ lies on the superior part of the central tendon of the diaphragm ?

Answer 31

Heart (pericardium)

Question 32

what organ lies inferior to the right dome of the diaphragm ?

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

what organs lie beneath the left dome of the diaphragm

Answer 33

stomach & spleen

Question 34

Define the borders of the breast

Answer 34

Lateral: Latissimus dorsi muscle Medial: sternum superior: 2nd rib inferior: inframammary ridge

Question 35

which two veins drain the breast ?

Answer 35

axillary vein & internal thoracic vein

Question 36

where does the lymphatic fluid of the breast drain to?

Answer 36

75% to axillary lymph nodes | 25% to parasternal nodes & abdominal nodes

Question 37

what regions of the body is the respiratory tract present in ?

Answer 37

Head, neck & thorax

Question 38

what parts constitute the URT

Answer 38

nose, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx

Question 39

what part constitute the LRT

Answer 39

trachea, bronchus, secondary and tertiary bronchus, bronchi and alveoli

Question 40

what landmark marks the point at which the trachea bifurcates into two bronchi ?

Answer 40

sternal angle

Question 41

does the trachea lie anterior or posterior to the oesophagus

Answer 41

anterior

Question 42

which vessels leave an impression on the right lung

Answer 42

SVC, azygous, R BCV

Question 43

how does the right hilum of the lung differ from the left

Answer 43

The right primary bronchus runs more laterally as passes the hilum. L main bronchus passes inferolaterally to reach hilum

Question 44

what parasympathetic nerve supplies the lungs

Answer 44

vagus nerve

Question 45

which layer of pleura is innervated by autonomic fibres

Answer 45

visceral

Question 46

which layer of pleura is innervated by somatic intercostal nerves & phrenic nerves

Answer 46

parietal

Question 47

which layer of pleura is sensitive to pain

Answer 47

parietal