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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What surface anatomical feature marks the boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum ?

A

The sternal angle

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2
Q

What structures are found in the superior mediastinum ?

A

Arch of aorta, SVC, oesophagus, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve m, cardiac nerve, sympathetic trunk. Thymus, trachea, sternothyroid muscle

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3
Q

What structures are found in each division of the inferior mediastinum

A

Anterior: no major structures, sternopericardial ligaments

Middle: heat, trachea bifurcation, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC, cardiac plexus, phrenic nerves, tracheobronchial lymph nodes

Posterior: thoracic aorta, posterior intercostal arteries, bronchial arteries, oesphageal arteries, superior phrenic A, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous system of veins. Thoracic sympathetic trunk

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4
Q

What proportion of the heart lies to the left of the median plane

A

Two-thirds

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5
Q

What proportion of the hear lies to the right of the median plane

A

One-third

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6
Q

The wall of the heart consists of the three layers, these are?

A

Epicardium - thin external layer
Myocardium - a middle muscular layer
Endocardium - thin inner lining

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7
Q

To which side of the body does the apex point

A

Anteriorly to the left

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8
Q

What chambers make up the base of the heart

A

Mainly LA, lesser contribution by the RA

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9
Q

From which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary trunk arise

A

RV

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10
Q

Which vessels does the pulmonary trunk give rise to

A

L & R pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there and which chamber of the heart do they enter

A

4, LA

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12
Q

Do the pulmonary veins like superior or inferior to the pulmonary trunk and it’s branches

A

Inferior

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13
Q

In which layer of the heart are the coronary arteries found

A

Epicardium

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14
Q

From which artery do the coronary arteries branch from

A

Aorta

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15
Q 
What chambers are supplied by each of the arteries below:
R coronary 
R marginal
Posterior intraventricular
L coronary
Circumflex
Anterior intraventricular
A 
R coronary - RA
R marginal - RV
Posterior intraventricular - RV LV
L coronary - LA LV
Circumflex - LA LV
Anterior intraventricular- RV LV
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16
Q

Into what structure do the cardiac veins drain

A

Coronary sinus

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17
Q

Into which chamber of the heart does the coronary sinus open

A

RA

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18
Q

Where is heart contraction initiated in health

A

SA node (pacemaker cells)

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19
Q

What is the function of the AV mode and where is it found

A

Posterrio- inferior region on the atrioventicular septum.

AV node acts to delay the impulses by approx 120ms to ensure atria gave enough time to fully eject blood into the ventricles before ventricular systole. The wave of excitation then passes from the AV node to the AV bundle

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20
Q

The brachiocephalic trunk is only found in which side of the body

A

Right

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21
Q

The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to which 2 vessels

A

R subclavian A and R common carotid A

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22
Q

Which two vessels unite to form the brachiocephalic veins

A

Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

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23
Q

The L and R subclavian vein unit to form which vessel

A

SVC

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24
Q

The common carotid arteries give rise to which two vessels

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

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25
What does the fossa oval is represent and between which two chambers is it located ?
Lie on the atrial septum between the L and R atrium. It is a depression, the remnant of a think fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovals during fetal development
26
Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right
The LV has to pump blood at a higher pressure to reach all area of the body whereas the RV only pumps blood to the lungs
27
What are the functions of the AV valves
Separates atrium from ventricles to prevent back flow of blood from ventricles to atrium during systole
28
What is the function of the semilunar valves
When the ventricles relax the semilunar cakes close to prevent blood flowing back into the ventricles
29
How does the semilunar and tricuspid valves differ from the bicuspid valve
Semilunar and tricuspid valves have 3 cusps whereas the bicuspid valve has 2 cusps Valves are make of strong thin flaps of tissue called cusps
30
In which heart chambers is papillary muscle found and how many are found in each ?
RV - 3 | LV - 2
31
What is the role of the papillary muscles
Contact during ventricular systole to prevent prolapse of valve leaflet into the aorta
32
What are the two types of pericardium
Fibrous & serous
33
The fibrous pericardium is continuous with what structure
Central tendon of the diaphragm
34
The serous pericardium is further subdivided into two layers known as?
Outer parietal layer | Inner visceral layer (epicardium)
35
What lies between the two layers of serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity (thin film of serous fluid)
36
Where to azygous vein drain to
SVC
37
To where do the hemi-azygous and accessory hemi-azygous veins drain
Azygous vein
38
Venous blood from which structures drains into the azygous venous system
Posterior walks of the thorax and abdomen
39
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve
Vagus nerve
40
Which major vessel does the recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under on the left
Aortic arch
41
Which major vessels does the recurrent laryngeal edge loop under on the right
R subclavian A
42
What structures/ quadrants drain the lymphatic duct
R thorax, R upper limb, R side of head and neck | Upper R quadrant of the body
43
Where does the rest of the body drain to
Thoracic duct
44
Where does the lymphatic duct return the lymphatic fluid to the circulation
Subclavian veins are the R venous angle
45
Where does the thoracic duct return lymphatic fluid to the circulation
L brachiocephalic vein at the left venous angle
46
What rami of the spinal nerve form the intercostal nerves
Anterior
47
``` What are the dermatomes at Sternal angle Male nipple Umbilicus Groin ```
Sternal angle - T2 Male nipple - T4 Umbilicus - T10 Groin - L1
48
Which spinal nerves form the premix nerve
C3-C5
49
Which structures does the phrenic nerve inner gate
Motor: diaphragm Sensory: central part of diaphragm, pericardium and mediastinal part of the parietal pleura
50
In What mediastinum does the vagus nerve run
Superior
51
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate
Majority of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
52
What chambers of the heart Blake of the left right base and inferior borders of the heart
Left - LV Right - RA Base - LA Inferior, RA, RV & LV
53
What is the surface marking of the apex and the Valves
Apex: 5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line Pulmonary valve: 2nd left intercostal space to the left of sternal border Aortic valve: 2nd eighth intercostal space to apex of heart Mitral valve: apex of heat in 5th intercostal space around the mid clavicular line Trcuspid valve: 4th intercostal space to right of sternum border
54
From which artery does the right internal thoracic artery arise and what are the two terminal branches of this artery
Subclavian artery | Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
55
Into which vein does the azygous vein normally drain
SVC
56
In which layer of the heart do the main branches of the coronary arteries lie
Epicardium, embedded in fat
57
Into which chamber of the heart does the coronary sinus drain
RA
58
How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have
3
59
How many cusps does the aortic valve have
3
60
From which layer of the heart are the heart valves formed
Endocardium
61
Where does the left coronary artery arise
Base of the arch of aorta
62
From which spinal cord segment does the sympathetic nerve supple to the heart originate
T1 - T4/5
63
What structure does the bundle of His run though
Interventricular septum
64
At what vertebral level does toe arch of aorta lie
T4
65
What nerve passes under the arch of aorta before it passes to the neck, in the neck where does this nerve lie
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus). Lies medial to carotid shear between oesophagus and trachea
66
What are the main attachments of the fibrous pericardium
Blends with the tunica adventita of the great vessels and inferior lay with the central tendon of the diaphragm
67
What is the surface markings of the right border of the heart
Just lateral, parasternal to the sternum on the right side extending to the 6th intercostal space

Anatomy (10 decks)

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