Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What surface anatomical feature marks the boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum ?
The sternal angle
What structures are found in the superior mediastinum ?
Arch of aorta, SVC, oesophagus, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve m, cardiac nerve, sympathetic trunk. Thymus, trachea, sternothyroid muscle
What structures are found in each division of the inferior mediastinum
Anterior: no major structures, sternopericardial ligaments
Middle: heat, trachea bifurcation, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC, cardiac plexus, phrenic nerves, tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Posterior: thoracic aorta, posterior intercostal arteries, bronchial arteries, oesphageal arteries, superior phrenic A, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous system of veins. Thoracic sympathetic trunk
What proportion of the heart lies to the left of the median plane
Two-thirds
What proportion of the hear lies to the right of the median plane
One-third
The wall of the heart consists of the three layers, these are?
Epicardium - thin external layer
Myocardium - a middle muscular layer
Endocardium - thin inner lining
To which side of the body does the apex point
Anteriorly to the left
What chambers make up the base of the heart
Mainly LA, lesser contribution by the RA
From which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary trunk arise
RV
Which vessels does the pulmonary trunk give rise to
L & R pulmonary arteries
How many pulmonary veins are there and which chamber of the heart do they enter
4, LA
Do the pulmonary veins like superior or inferior to the pulmonary trunk and it’s branches
Inferior
In which layer of the heart are the coronary arteries found
Epicardium
From which artery do the coronary arteries branch from
Aorta
What chambers are supplied by each of the arteries below: R coronary R marginal Posterior intraventricular L coronary Circumflex Anterior intraventricular
R coronary - RA R marginal - RV Posterior intraventricular - RV LV L coronary - LA LV Circumflex - LA LV Anterior intraventricular- RV LV
Into what structure do the cardiac veins drain
Coronary sinus
Into which chamber of the heart does the coronary sinus open
RA
Where is heart contraction initiated in health
SA node (pacemaker cells)
What is the function of the AV mode and where is it found
Posterrio- inferior region on the atrioventicular septum.
AV node acts to delay the impulses by approx 120ms to ensure atria gave enough time to fully eject blood into the ventricles before ventricular systole. The wave of excitation then passes from the AV node to the AV bundle
The brachiocephalic trunk is only found in which side of the body
Right
The brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to which 2 vessels
R subclavian A and R common carotid A
Which two vessels unite to form the brachiocephalic veins
Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
The L and R subclavian vein unit to form which vessel
SVC
The common carotid arteries give rise to which two vessels
Internal and external carotid arteries
What does the fossa oval is represent and between which two chambers is it located ?
Lie on the atrial septum between the L and R atrium. It is a depression, the remnant of a think fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovals during fetal development
Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right
The LV has to pump blood at a higher pressure to reach all area of the body whereas the RV only pumps blood to the lungs