Endocrine system

Question 1

what additional endocrine organ develops during female pregnancy & what hormones are associated with this organ ?

Answer 1

Placenta
Oestrogen (stimulate growth of uterus)
Progesterone (support lining of uterus)

Question 2

What is the name of the large bony depression of the skull that the pituitary gland sits within ?

Answer 2

Sella turcia

Question 3

What is the name given to the deepest part of the sella turcia where the pituitary gland is found and in what bone of the skull is it situated ?

Answer 3

Hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone of the skull

Question 4

what important structure sits superior to the pituitary gland

Answer 4

Diaphragma sell which allows passage of the infundibulum

Question 5

The pituitary gland consists of an anterior lobe and posterior lobe, which is larger?

Which lobe is glandular and which is neural

Answer 5

Anterior lobe (2/3 of the gland)

anterior = glandular 
posterior = neural

Question 6

what are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary

Answer 6

Prolactin
growth hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 7

What neurone hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete ?

Answer 7

ADH & oxytocin

Question 8

What arteries mainly supply the pituitary and where do they branch from

Answer 8

superior and inferior hypophysial arteries, branches of the internal carotid artery

Question 9

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary ?

Answer 9

via infundibulum blood vessels

Question 10

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

through neurosecretory cells that span short distance between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

Question 11

What is the surface anatomy of the thyroid gland

Answer 11

located between vertebral level of C5 - T1 and between the circuit cartilage of the larynx and the 6th tracheal ring

Question 12

The right and left loves of the thyroid gland is connected by a thin bridge of glandular tissue known as isthmus, what tracheal rings does the isthmus lie opposite ?

Answer 12

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

Question 13

What are the 3 strap muscles of the neck that overlie the thyroid gland

Answer 13

sternothyroid
omohyoid
sternohyoid

Question 14

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise ?

Answer 14

External carotid artery

Question 15

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise ?

Answer 15

Thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian artery)

Question 16

In which vein does the superior & middle thyroid vein drain ?

Answer 16

internal juglar vein

Question 17

not which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 17

brachiocephalic vein

Question 18

where do the lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain ?

Answer 18

deep cervical lymph nodes surrounding the internal jugular vein and trachea

Question 19

what is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands ?

Answer 19

inferior thyroid arteries

Question 20

where does venous drainage of the parathyroid glands drain ?

Answer 20

via veins draining the thyroid to the interval jugular veins

Question 21

Is the majority of the pancreas intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal ?

Answer 21

retroperitoneal (except tail)

Question 22

Along which anatomical plane is the pancreas found ?

Answer 22

L1

Question 23

The major pancreatic venous blood drains to which vein ? and the remainder draining to the superior mesenteric branches of the hepatic portal vein

Answer 23

splenic vein

Question 24

In the pancreas what hormone does each of the following cells produce ?

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

Answer 24

alpha cells - glucagon
beta cells - insulin
delta cells - somatostatin

Question 25

with which structure does the pancreatic duct fuse at the hepatopancreatic sphincter

Answer 25

the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater

Question 26

where is the uncinate process found and what structures separate the uncinate process inferiorly form the neck and body superiorly ?

Answer 26

A projection arising from the lower part of the head & extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas. it lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

Question 27

which organ is the tail of the pancreas closely related ?

Answer 27

the spleen

Question 28

describe the location of the pancreas relative to the aorta & vena cava

Answer 28

anterior

Question 29

Where do the the adrenal glands lie in relation to the peritoneum ?

Answer 29

retroperitoneal

Question 30

The cortex of the adrenal glands is subdivided into 3 layers, what hormones are secreted at each layer ?

Answer 30

outer zona glomerulosa secretes: aldosterone
middle zona fasciculate secretes: glucosteriods egg cortisol
inner zona retricularis secretes: sex hormones

Question 31

the adrenal medulla contains collection of chromatin cells, which neurohormones are secreted by these cells ?

Answer 31

epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine & dopamine

Question 32

Where does the right and left suprarenal vein drain?

Answer 32

right: inferior vena cava
left: left real vein & then to IVC