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Anatomy > Back And Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Back And Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

At what level does the spinal cord extend to in adults

A

L1/L2

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2
Q

Name the three layers covering the CNS

A

Meninges made up of dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

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3
Q

What is the filum terminale

A

Extension of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx

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4
Q

What passes through an intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal nerves

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5
Q

What occupies the vertebral canal below L2

A

Cause equina

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6
Q

What do the dorsal rami of a spinal nerve supply

A

Motor supply to posterior muscles of the back eg erector spinae and posterior part of the dermatome - sensation to posterior skin

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7
Q

How man bones are fused to form the sacrum

A

5

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8
Q

Which vertebra has an odontoid peg

A

C2 the axis

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9
Q

What type of joint includes the intervertebral disc

A

Symphysis or secondary cartilaginous

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10
Q

Which major muscle antagonizes flexion of the vertebral Colombian and therefore allows movement to occur in a controlled manner

A

Erector spinae

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11
Q

At each spinal segment which branch of the spinal nerve would you expect to contain most axons and why

A

Ventral, supplies all the lateral region aswell as anterior. Dorsal Ramos only supplies the back

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12
Q

What types of somatic nerve fibers will be present in the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve

A

Somatic motor and sensory

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13
Q

From which spinal nerve segments do preganglionic sympathetic motor nerves emerge from the spinal cord

A

T1-L2

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14
Q

What is meant my the term lordosis

A

Convex anterior curvature (term used clinical to describe exaggerated and therefore abnormal curvature although the term used in anatomy to describe the normal convex anterior curvature found the the lumbar and cervical regions)

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15
Q

What is meant by the term scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the vertebral column (always abnormal)

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16
Q

Which nerves contribute to the lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4

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17
Q

What is the difference between the autonomic nerve arc and the somatic nerve arc

A

A somatic arc contains an interneuron in the spinal cord

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18
Q

What occupies a dorsal root ganglion

A

Cell body of sensory pseudounipolar neuron

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19
Q

A horizontal line drawn between the left and right iliac crests transverse the vertebral column at which level

A

Spinous process of L4
IVD between L4/L5
Useful landmark when performing a LP or epidural

20
Q

How do cervical vertebrae vary

A 
Bifid spinous process 
Foramen transversarium (vertebral artery)
21
Q

How does the thoracic vertebrae vary

A

Long inferiorly directed spinous process overall ping sub-adjacent vertebral body to restrict posterior extension.
Small circular vertebral canal
Costal articulation with ribs

22
Q

How do lumbar vertebrae vary

A

Large vertebral body

Short horizontal spinous process

23
Q

How do sacral vertebrae vary

A

Triangular bone formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae

24
Q

What type of joint in the vertebrae-IVD-vertebrae joint

A

Symphyses

25
Q

The majority of vertebrae also articles with each other at a synovial joint what is the name of this joint?

A

Zygapophysial (facet joints)

Between the adjacent superior and inferior articulation facets

26
Q

What does the IVD consist of

A

Anulus fibrosis: fibrocartilage forming the circumference of the disc

Nucleus pulposus: central core of IVD, lies closer to the posterior surface of the dice and more liable to posterior herniation when the disc is damaged (no support from longitudinal ligaments)

27
Q

What is the name of the joint between the skull and C1

What type of joint is this

What movement occurs here

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

Synovial, condyloid joint

Nodding of the head

Neck flexion and extension, little lateral flexion

28
Q

What is the name of the joint between C1 & C2

What type of joint is this

What movement occurs here

A

Atlanto-axial joint

Synovial, pivot joint

Rotation

29
Q

What are the ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Posterior and anterior longitudinal ligament (run the full length of the vertebral column and strengthen the vertebral body joints) anterior is thicker

Ligamentum flavum - extends between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae (alternating sections)

Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments - join the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae (interspinous attach between processes and supraspinous attach to the tips)

Intertransverse ligaments - extend between transverse processes

30
Q

Ligaments associated with stabilizing C2, C1 and occipital joints are the cruciate ligaments and alar ligament, what are there functions

A

Cruciate ligament: holds together posterior dens of C2 in articulation with the Atlanto-axial joint

Alar ligament - extend from sides of the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum, attach cranium to C2 and prevent excessive rotation

31
Q

Why does the spinal cord stop before the vertebral column ends

A

Because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column the lower spinal nerve roots descend within the vertebral canal before leaving through their intervertebral formamina

32
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate in an adult

A

L2

33
Q

What is the conus medullaris

A

The terminal end of the spinal cord

34
Q

What is the cause equina

A

Collections of nerves at the end of the spinal cord. Lumbar sacral and cocygeal nerve roots that continue out from the end of the spinal cord in the lumbar region

35
Q

What is the filum terminale

A

Extension of the pia mater that extends from the terminal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx

36
Q

What does the filum terminale attach to and what purpose does it have

A

The coccyx, serves as an anchor for the inferior ends of the spinal cord and dura sac

37
Q

What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord and where are they

A

Cervical enlargement: C4-T1 brachial plexus inner gates the upper limbs

Lumbosacral enlargement: L1-S3 lumbar and sacral plexus (lower limbs)

38
Q

What are the names of the 3 meningeal layers (deepest - superficial)

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

39
Q

What cranial nerves contain parasympathetic nerves

A

3, 7, 9, 10

40
Q

What sacral nerves contain parasympathetic nerves

A

S2-S4

41
Q

Chart the course of the vagus nerve

A

Originated from the medulla, exits cranium via jugular foramen, terminates in the abdomen by dividing into branches that supply oesophagus, stomach, SI, LI up to splenic flexure

42
Q

Chart the course of the pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

Arise from S2,S3 & S4 nerve roots of the sacral plexus. They anastomoses with one another and ascend to join the ipsilateral hypogastric plexuses. Once reach the plexuses they ratify throughout the pelvis and lower abdomen inervating ganglia embedded in walls of descending, sigmoid colon, rectum uterus, prostate bladder urethra and penis

43
Q

At what stages of development to the curvature of the vertebral column develop

A

Kyphosis (primary) foetal development

Lordosis (secondary) infant

44
Q

Erector spinae is a long cylindrical group of muscles, located deep on the posterior back lying between the spinous and transverse processes on each side.

What movement does I bring about if both L and R muscle compartments contract bilaterally

What about if only one contracts (unilaterally)

A

Bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head as back is flexed. Control movement by gradual lay lengthening their fibers

Unilaterally: lateral flexion

45
Q

What are the large superficial muscles of the back

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhimboid major
Rhomboid minor

46
Q

What is meant by disc prolapse

A

Annulus fibrosis develops an area of weakness which allows gelatinous nucleus pulposus centre to herniated an can press upon and trap a spinal nerve

Anatomy (10 decks)

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