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Anatomy & Physiology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A 
inhalation 
smell
hydration of air going in
warms air
resonance of voice
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2
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

resonance
same as nasal cavity
lighten the skull

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3
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharyn
laryngopharynx

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4
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

provide an open airway for breathing
act as a switching mechanism for air and food
voice production
act as a sphincter

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5
Q

What is the larynx made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

What in the larynx closes to prevent exhalation?

A

glottis

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7
Q

What is Valsalva’s maneuver?

A

forcibly exhaling while keeping the mouth and nose closed

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8
Q

How is loudness changed?

A

Changed by pushing more or less air through

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9
Q

How is pitch changed?

A

tightening the muscles to create tension and create different vibrations

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10
Q

What decreases due to the branching of the lungs?

A

pressure

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11
Q

How much mucus does the serous and mucous glands secrete per day?

A

1 liter

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12
Q

What do the epithelial cells fo respiratory mucosa secrete?

A

defensin

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13
Q

What is defensin?

A

antibiotic

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14
Q

What is the role of cilia?

A

acts as a filtering agent

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15
Q

What is the purpose of bronchopulmonary segments?

A

separates different areas of the lung

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16
Q

In what area of the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

alveolar sacs

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17
Q

As conducting tubes become smaller, what happens to support structures?

A

they decrease

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18
Q

As conducting tubes become smaller, what happens to epithelium type?

A

it decreases

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19
Q

As conducting tubes become smaller, what happens to the amount of smooth muscle?

A

it increases

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20
Q

What three things are affected by the decrease in size of conducting tubes?

A

support structures
epithelium type
amount of smooth muscle

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21
Q

What is the respiratory membrane/wall of alveoli made up of?

A

alveolar wall
capillary wall
fused basement membrane

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22
Q

How thick is the alveolar wall?

A

one cell thick

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23
Q

What opens up each alveoli to the next one?

A

alveolar pores

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24
Q

What do alveolar pores do?

A

diffuse pressure

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25
Q

What are found in or on the alveoli?

A

alveolar pores
macrophages
type II cells
elastic fibers

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26
Q

What do macrophages in the alveoli do?

A

attack pathogens

take debris away

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27
Q

What do type II cells in the alveoli do?

A

produce surfactant, which decreases the surface tension of water

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28
Q

What do elastic fibers in the alveoli do?

A

causes recoil within the lungs

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29
Q

Which circuits provide blood supply to the lungs?

A

both pulmonary and systemic

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30
Q

Lungs are iinflated why?

A

because they are held open by the lining of the lungs

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31
Q

Visceral vs. Parietal

A 
visceral = touching organ
parietal = not touching organ
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32
Q

What does the lining of the lungs do?

A

reduces friction

creates suction cup to hold lungs to chest cavity wall

33
Q

How is the suction cup created in the lungs?

A

pressure outside the lungs is greater than the pressure inside the lungs

34
Q

What are the layers of the pleurae and pleural cavity?

A

parietal pleura
visceral pleura
pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid

35
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

pressure outside

36
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

pressure within the pleural cavity

37
Q

What causes inhalation?

A

External intercostals contract, which spreads the ribs and increases space from the sides and front to back
Diaphragm contracts and increases space up and down
This creates a negative intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric, so air moves down its concentration gradient and into the lungs

38
Q

What causes exhalation?

A

Elastic recoil of lung tissue
No contraction of lung muscles
Increased intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric pressure
Air moves down its concentration gradient and out of the lungs

39
Q

What kind of process is exhalation and why?

A

Passive process because the muscles in the lungs are not contracting

40
Q

What operates gas exchange?

A

concentration gradients

41
Q

How does the solubility of CO2 affect the concentration gradient?

A

CO2 is more soluble in water

strong concentration gradient is not needed to make it move

42
Q

How does the solubility of oxygen affect the concentration gradient?

A

oxygen is not as soluble in water

it requires more pressure to push it in whatever direction

43
Q

What does oxygen bind to?

A

hemoglobin

44
Q

What are the two modes of oxygen transport in the blood?

A

dissolved in blood plasma

bound to hemoglobin

45
Q

What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

1.5%

46
Q

At rest, how much oxygen do we retain?

A

75%

47
Q

What is the saturation of arterial blood hemoglobin under resting/normal conditions?

A

98%

48
Q

After gas exchange with tissues, what is the saturation of hemoglobin?

A

75%

49
Q

What affects the binding affinity of hemoglobin?

A

temperature
pH
CO2 pressure

50
Q

What is the affect of increased temperature on the affinity and release of oxygen?

A

creates less afinity between oxygen and hemoglobin

increases release of oxygen

51
Q

What is the affect of decreased temperature on the affinity and release of oxygen?

A

more affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin

decreased release of oxygen

52
Q

How does an increase in CO2 affect oxygen affinity?

A

increase in CO2 decreases O2 affinity to hemoglobin

53
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

CO2 increases the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin where needed

54
Q

What is the technical term for inadequate O2 delivery?

A

hypoxia

55
Q

What are the causes of hypoxia?

A 
decreased hemoglobin content
decreased number of RBCs
blocked blood vessel
pulmonary disorder
decreased ability of tissues to use O2
56
Q

What causes the release of carbon monoxide?

A

CO released during fires and fuel combustion

car exhaust

57
Q

What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?

A

disorientation

sick to stomach

58
Q

What causes CO poisoning?

A

CO has 100x more affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen does
CO will out-compete oxygen
Decreases ability to carry oxygen to the body
suffocation

59
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

dissolved in plasma
bound to hemoglobin on protein (not heme)
bicarbonate ions

60
Q

Explain the formation of carbaminohemoglobin?

A

CO2 binds to globin (protein component) and not the heme group

61
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

reduced hemoglobin (unloaded oxygen) has a greater ability to form carbaminohemoglobin

62
Q

How does O2 leaving the heme group affect CO2?

A

CO2 binds more readily

63
Q

How does a bicarbonate ion form?

A

CO2 + H2O becomes carbonic acid

Carbonic acid then breaks apart to become bicarbonate

64
Q

How does an increase in CO2 affect the amount of bicarbonate ions?

A

amount of bicarbonate ions increases

65
Q

How does a decrease in CO2 affect the amount of bicarbonate ions?

A

decreases amount of bicarbonate ions

66
Q

Describe the slow formation of bicarbonate ions

A

CO2 dissolves in plasma

then converts to HCO3

67
Q

Describe the fast formation of bicarbonate ions

A

CO2 diffuses into RBC and converts to HCO3

with help of carbonic anhydrase

68
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

reversibly forms carbonic acid

69
Q

Explain the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

pH goes down= more hydrogen ions = increases bicarbonate = increases formation of acid = increases CO2 = increases acidity/decreases pH

70
Q

How do shallow breaths affect blood pH?

A

increases CO2
increases H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
decreases pH

71
Q

How does deep breathing affect blood pH?

A

flushes CO2 from blood
decreases carbonic acid
increases pH

72
Q

All-in-all, the mechanism generating rhythmic breathing patterns is what?

A

generally unknown

73
Q

Where do autonomic responses come from?

A

brain stem

74
Q

What are the two types of chemical control detectors?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

central chemoreceptors

75
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

aortic arch

carotid artery

76
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

brain stem (medulla)

77
Q

What is hypercapnea?

A

elevated levels of CO2

78
Q

What is hypocapnea and what could possibly cause it?

A

decreased levels of CO2

shallow breaths/hyperventilation

Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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