Female Reproductive System - Exam 4

Question 1

Describe the duct work of the female genitalia

Answer 1

separate

Question 2

What is the default sex?

Answer 2

female

Question 3

The testes in a male would have been what in a female, and the clitoris has similar internal structure to what?

Answer 3

ovaries

penis

Question 4

Many of the glands in the female reproductive system are used for what?

Answer 4

lubrication

Question 5

The ovaries connect to the uterus via

Answer 5

fallopian tubes

Question 6

What is the main purpose of the vagina?

Answer 6

passageway for childbirth and menstrual discharge

Question 7

Describe the environment of the vagina

Answer 7

acidic environment

Question 8

What is the purpose of the vagina’s acidic environment?

Answer 8

keeps it free of infection

not a sterile environment, there is some bacteria

Question 9

What secretes mucus for lubrication?

Answer 9

cervical mucous glands

Question 10

Describe the make up of the uterus

Answer 10

hollow, thick-walled muscular structure supported by ligaments

Question 11

What is the size and shape of the uterus?

Answer 11

size and shape of inverted pear and anteverted in the abdomen

Question 12

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

Answer 12

perimetrium - outside
myometrium - muscle
endometrium - inside

Question 13

Stratum basalis

Answer 13

-layer of proliferation (cell division)

Question 14

What is responsible for proliferation?

Answer 14

estrogen

Question 15

Stratum functionalis

Answer 15

layer that fluctuates

layer shed during menstruation

Question 16

Fimbrae

Answer 16

finger-like projections over the ovaries that move the ovum into and down the fallopian tube

Question 17

What are the 4 types of follicles?

Answer 17

• primordial
• primary
• secondary
• vesicular

Question 18

What are the two types of vesicular follicles?

Answer 18

tertiary

Graafian

Question 19

Oogenesis

Answer 19

formation of oocytes

Question 20

Primary oocytes form from what?

Answer 20

oogonia

Question 21

At birth, how many primary oocytes are there, and where are they located?

Answer 21

two million primary oocytes that are in the cortex of the ovary and remain until puberty

Question 22

At puberty, how many oocytes are there and how many are released?

Answer 22

250,000 primary oocytes survive and only 500 are released

Question 23

What does the first division of oogonia produce?

Answer 23

two eggs, one functional and one polar body

Question 24

Where are oocytes halted until puberty?

Answer 24

prophase of meiosis I

Question 25

Explain monthly egg release

Answer 25

- one oocyte per month completes meiosis I - this is in response to LH - this oocyte halts at meiosis II (at metaphase)

Question 26

When do oocytes complete meiosis II?

Answer 26

fertilization

Question 27

What are the three things that aid the movement of an oocyte?

Answer 27

- fallopian tubes bend and drape over the pvary - fimbrae - cilia of the fimbrae

Question 28

How can smooth muscle within the wall of the fallopian tube aid in moving the oocyte?

Answer 28

peristaltic waves

Question 29

What is the average ovarian cycle length?

Answer 29

28-40 days

Question 30

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 30

follicular phase | luteal phase

Question 31

Describe the follicular phase

Answer 31

- days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle | - follicular development takes place here

Question 32

Describe the luteal phase

Answer 32

- days 14-28 of ovarian cycle | - follicle transforms to corpus luteum here

Question 33

When does ovulation occur in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 33

mid-cycle

Question 34

What occurs in the luteal phase?

Answer 34

- granulosa cells enlarge | - granulosa cells join with thecal cells to form a corpus luteum

Question 35

What two cells make up the corpus luteum?

Answer 35

granulosa and thecal cells

Question 36

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 36

progesterone

Question 37

The transformation of granulosa cells to the corpus luteum is stimulated by what?

Answer 37

LH

Question 38

The surge of LH causes what?

Answer 38

ovulation

Question 39

What are the three phases of the mentrual/uterine cycle?

Answer 39

- menstrual phase - proliferative phase - secretory phase

Question 40

Describe the menstrual phase

Answer 40

- days 1-5 | - shedding of endometrium

Question 41

Describe the proliferative phase

Answer 41

- days 6-14 | - replacing the endometrium

Question 42

Describe the secretory phase

Answer 42

- days 15-28 - prepares for implantation - occurs because of presence of corpus luteum - increases secretion and vascularization

Question 43

What are the events if fertilization/implantation doesn't occur?

Answer 43

- breakdown of corpus luteum | - progesterone production

Question 44

During sexual excitement, what is the body's response?

Answer 44

- clitoris, vaginal mucosa, labia, and breasts engorge with blood - vestibular glands lubricate vagina

Question 45

What is unique about the female orgasm?

Answer 45

not followed by a refractory period

Question 46

At what age does menopause typically occur?

Answer 46

between 46-54

Question 47

What happens to estrogen during menopause?

Answer 47

estrogen production declines with age

Question 48

The decrease in estrogen levels during menopause can lead to what?

Answer 48

- atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts - decrease in vaginal secretions - irritability and depression - vasodilation of blood vessels of skin and sweating - thinning of skin - loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)

Question 49

What is the SRY?

Answer 49

sex determining region Y

Question 50

What is erectile dysfunction and what can be used to treat it?

Answer 50

- inability to get an erection | - increase effect of nitric oxide to dilate blood vessels (viagra)

Question 51

What is PMS and what does it cause?

Answer 51

-progesterone deficiency | cramps, mood swings, bloating

Question 52

What disorders and diseases could affect both sexes?

Answer 52

STDs - viral more complicated, bacterial are treated | Infertility

Question 53

Why does infertility increase with age predominantly in females?

Answer 53

eggs that have been sitting around since birth may have accumulated damage

Question 54

What could cause infertility in females?

Answer 54

- hormone imbalances - damaged ovaries - fallopian/uterine problems

Question 55

What causes Ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 55

narrowing of fallopian tube can cause egg implantation in wall

Question 56

What can cause infertility in men?

Answer 56

- sperm count problems | - genetic contributions

Question 57

What cultural/societal changes are occuring that could influence infertility?

Answer 57

women are waiting until older age to have children

Question 58

What are some fertility treatments?

Answer 58

removal and freezing of eggs to lessen change of accumulated damage birth control

Question 59

What does GnRH do?

Answer 59

stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

Question 60

What does Inhibin do?

Answer 60

selectively suppresses FSH secretion

Question 61

What does estrogen do?

Answer 61

stimulates feminizing effects associated with puberty

Question 62

What does LH do?

Answer 62

stimulates ovulation

Question 63

What does FSH do?

Answer 63

stimulates development of ovarian follicle

Question 64

What does progesterone do?

Answer 64

prepares uterus for pergnancy

Question 65

Describe a primordial follicle

Answer 65

primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened epithelial cells

Question 66

Describe a primary follicle

Answer 66

secondary oocyte surrounded by layer of cuboidal cells

Question 67

Describe a secondary follicle

Answer 67

secondary oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells

Question 68

Describe a tertiary follicle

Answer 68

follicle contains antrum, and the cumulus oophorus covers the secondary oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall

Question 69

Describe a mature follicle

Answer 69

follicle that undergoes ovulation grows to 30 mm in size secondary oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in antrum