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Anatomy & Physiology II > Female Reproductive System - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the duct work of the female genitalia

A

separate

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2
Q

What is the default sex?

A

female

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3
Q

The testes in a male would have been what in a female, and the clitoris has similar internal structure to what?

A

ovaries

penis

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4
Q

Many of the glands in the female reproductive system are used for what?

A

lubrication

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5
Q

The ovaries connect to the uterus via

A

fallopian tubes

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6
Q

What is the main purpose of the vagina?

A

passageway for childbirth and menstrual discharge

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7
Q

Describe the environment of the vagina

A

acidic environment

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the vagina’s acidic environment?

A

keeps it free of infection

not a sterile environment, there is some bacteria

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9
Q

What secretes mucus for lubrication?

A

cervical mucous glands

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10
Q

Describe the make up of the uterus

A

hollow, thick-walled muscular structure supported by ligaments

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11
Q

What is the size and shape of the uterus?

A

size and shape of inverted pear and anteverted in the abdomen

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

perimetrium - outside
myometrium - muscle
endometrium - inside

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13
Q

Stratum basalis

A

-layer of proliferation (cell division)

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14
Q

What is responsible for proliferation?

A

estrogen

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15
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

layer that fluctuates

layer shed during menstruation

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16
Q

Fimbrae

A

finger-like projections over the ovaries that move the ovum into and down the fallopian tube

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of follicles?

A
  • primordial
  • primary
  • secondary
  • vesicular
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18
Q

What are the two types of vesicular follicles?

A

tertiary

Graafian

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19
Q

Oogenesis

A

formation of oocytes

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20
Q

Primary oocytes form from what?

A

oogonia

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21
Q

At birth, how many primary oocytes are there, and where are they located?

A

two million primary oocytes that are in the cortex of the ovary and remain until puberty

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22
Q

At puberty, how many oocytes are there and how many are released?

A

250,000 primary oocytes survive and only 500 are released

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23
Q

What does the first division of oogonia produce?

A

two eggs, one functional and one polar body

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24
Q

Where are oocytes halted until puberty?

A

prophase of meiosis I

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25
Q

Explain monthly egg release

A
  • one oocyte per month completes meiosis I
  • this is in response to LH
  • this oocyte halts at meiosis II (at metaphase)
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26
Q

When do oocytes complete meiosis II?

A

fertilization

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27
Q

What are the three things that aid the movement of an oocyte?

A
  • fallopian tubes bend and drape over the pvary
  • fimbrae
  • cilia of the fimbrae
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28
Q

How can smooth muscle within the wall of the fallopian tube aid in moving the oocyte?

A

peristaltic waves

29
Q

What is the average ovarian cycle length?

A

28-40 days

30
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

31
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A
  • days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle

- follicular development takes place here

32
Q

Describe the luteal phase

A
  • days 14-28 of ovarian cycle

- follicle transforms to corpus luteum here

33
Q

When does ovulation occur in the ovarian cycle?

A

mid-cycle

34
Q

What occurs in the luteal phase?

A
  • granulosa cells enlarge

- granulosa cells join with thecal cells to form a corpus luteum

35
Q

What two cells make up the corpus luteum?

A

granulosa and thecal cells

36
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone

37
Q

The transformation of granulosa cells to the corpus luteum is stimulated by what?

A

LH

38
Q

The surge of LH causes what?

A

ovulation

39
Q

What are the three phases of the mentrual/uterine cycle?

A
  • menstrual phase
  • proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
40
Q

Describe the menstrual phase

A
  • days 1-5

- shedding of endometrium

41
Q

Describe the proliferative phase

A
  • days 6-14

- replacing the endometrium

42
Q

Describe the secretory phase

A
  • days 15-28
  • prepares for implantation
  • occurs because of presence of corpus luteum
  • increases secretion and vascularization
43
Q

What are the events if fertilization/implantation doesn’t occur?

A
  • breakdown of corpus luteum

- progesterone production

44
Q

During sexual excitement, what is the body’s response?

A
  • clitoris, vaginal mucosa, labia, and breasts engorge with blood
  • vestibular glands lubricate vagina
45
Q

What is unique about the female orgasm?

A

not followed by a refractory period

46
Q

At what age does menopause typically occur?

A

between 46-54

47
Q

What happens to estrogen during menopause?

A

estrogen production declines with age

48
Q

The decrease in estrogen levels during menopause can lead to what?

A
  • atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
  • decrease in vaginal secretions
  • irritability and depression
  • vasodilation of blood vessels of skin and sweating
  • thinning of skin
  • loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)
49
Q

What is the SRY?

A

sex determining region Y

50
Q

What is erectile dysfunction and what can be used to treat it?

A
  • inability to get an erection

- increase effect of nitric oxide to dilate blood vessels (viagra)

51
Q

What is PMS and what does it cause?

A

-progesterone deficiency

cramps, mood swings, bloating

52
Q

What disorders and diseases could affect both sexes?

A

STDs - viral more complicated, bacterial are treated

Infertility

53
Q

Why does infertility increase with age predominantly in females?

A

eggs that have been sitting around since birth may have accumulated damage

54
Q

What could cause infertility in females?

A
  • hormone imbalances
  • damaged ovaries
  • fallopian/uterine problems
55
Q

What causes Ectopic pregnancy?

A

narrowing of fallopian tube can cause egg implantation in wall

56
Q

What can cause infertility in men?

A
  • sperm count problems

- genetic contributions

57
Q

What cultural/societal changes are occuring that could influence infertility?

A

women are waiting until older age to have children

58
Q

What are some fertility treatments?

A

removal and freezing of eggs to lessen change of accumulated damage
birth control

59
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

60
Q

What does Inhibin do?

A

selectively suppresses FSH secretion

61
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

stimulates feminizing effects associated with puberty

62
Q

What does LH do?

A

stimulates ovulation

63
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates development of ovarian follicle

64
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

prepares uterus for pergnancy

65
Q

Describe a primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened epithelial cells

66
Q

Describe a primary follicle

A

secondary oocyte surrounded by layer of cuboidal cells

67
Q

Describe a secondary follicle

A

secondary oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells

68
Q

Describe a tertiary follicle

A

follicle contains antrum, and the cumulus oophorus covers the secondary oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall

69
Q

Describe a mature follicle

A

follicle that undergoes ovulation
grows to 30 mm in size
secondary oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in antrum

Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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