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Anatomy & Physiology II > Heart and Blood - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Heart and Blood - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the heart anchor to in order to generate force?

A

Itself

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2
Q

What creates heart sounds?

A

Valves closing

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3
Q

What is the average heart rate for a normal person?

A

72 bpm

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4
Q

What is the average heart rate for an athlete?

A

55-60 bpm

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5
Q

What does the difference in average heart rates for normal and athletic people say about the heart?

A

Shows that the heart can adapt to physical stress

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6
Q

What happens when the heart is challenged?

A

Contracts harder

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7
Q

Do we have conscious control of the heart?

A

No. It is controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System

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8
Q

How many beats occur per lifetime?

A

2.5-3 Billion contractions

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9
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Somewhat midline but tilted toward the left lung to fit in cardiac notch

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10
Q

What is the heart encapsulated by?

A

Connective tissue and fluid

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the fluid around the heart?

A

Provides lubrication for movement

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12
Q

What are the layers around the heart, from the inside-out?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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13
Q

What is the difference between the parietal and visceral layers?

A

Parietal is touching the organ

Visceral is not touching the organ

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14
Q

What is inside the sack around the heart?

A

Pericardial fluid

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15
Q

What happens to the pericardial fluid with inflammation? And why could this cause a problem?

A

It increases with increased inflammation, and with too much fluid around the heart, function decreases

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16
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation

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17
Q

Arteries provide what?

A

Outflow

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18
Q

Veins provide what?

A

Inflow

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19
Q

What happens to cardiac muscle that is similar to that of skeletal muscle?

A

It responds and grows thicker with increased challenge

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20
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker walls?

Why?

A

Left side

Because it experiences more stress

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21
Q

What happens to the thickness of each side of the heart in the case of lung failure?

A

Right side will become thicker rather than the left

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22
Q

What are the two purposes of the heart valves?

A

Prevent backflow

Open and close in response to pressure

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23
Q

What is the name of the left atrioventricular valve?

A

Mitral/bicuspid valve

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24
Q

What is the name of the right atrioventricular valve?

A

Tricuspid valve

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25
Q

What is the name of the left semilunar valve?

A

Aortic valve

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26
Q

What is the name of the right semilunar valve?

A

Pulmonary valve

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27
Q

Which valve is used for blood pressure?

A

Aortic

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28
Q

The layer where valves are located is what type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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29
Q

What is located in the connective tissue of the heart?

A

Nodes

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30
Q

What is special about the connective tissue that holds the nodes of the heart?

A

It is electrically insulated, allowing for electrical impulses/signals to travel through it

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31
Q

Where are aortic valve sounds heard?

A

Second intercostal space at right sternal margin

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32
Q

Where are pulmonary valve sounds heard?

A

Second intercostal space at left sternal margin

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33
Q

Where are tricuspid valve sounds heard?

A

5th intercostal space at right sternal margin

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34
Q

Where are mitral valve sounds heard?

A

5th intercostal space (over apex) in line with middle clavicle

35
Q

Explain the process of a cardiac contraction as blood returns to the heart (in terms of valves opening and closing)

A

1) . AV Valves Open- blood flows into and pressurizes the atria, forcing AV valves open to allow blood to flow into the ventricles, and then atria contracts to allow further ventricular blood flow
2) . AV Valves Close- ventricles contract which forces AV valves closed, and papillary muscles contract to keep chordae tendinea tight, which prevents AV valves from everting into ventricles
3) . Semilunar Valves Open- Intraventricular pressure rises with ventricular contractions, pushing against semilunars and forcing them open
4) . Semilunar Valves Close- intraventricular pressure falls and ventricles relax, causing backflow from arteries, which closes the semilunar valves

36
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A 
striations
intercalated disc
uninucleated
occurs in walls of the heart
involuntary
37
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A 
striations
multinucleated
more organized
usually attached to the skeleton
voluntary
38
Q

What ion must come in to stimulate cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Calcium

39
Q

What allows the heart to refill during a cardiac cycle?

A

Lag time

40
Q

How is every cell in the heart connected?

A

via gap junctions for communication

41
Q

Which cells stimulate action potentials on their own?

A

autorhythmic cells

42
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for a cardiac muscle cell?

A

-90mV

43
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for a modified muscle cell?

A

-60mV

44
Q

Where are autorhythmic cells found?

A

nodes of the heart

45
Q

What are the nodes of the heart?

A

SA
AV
Purkinje Fibers

46
Q

Which node paces the heart and why?

A

SA node because it is the fastest

47
Q

What happens if one of the nodes in the heart stop working?

A

the average bpm would adjust to whatever the next node accomodates

48
Q

What is the average bpm for the SA node?

A

60-100

49
Q

What is the average bpm for the AV node?

A

40-60

50
Q

What is the average bpm for the Purkinje Fibers?

A

20-40

51
Q

Does the brain or heart have stronger electromagnetic signal and why?

A

heart

every beat creates a magnetic field that can be measured at any point on the body

52
Q

What is the process of an impulse traveling through the nodes of the heart?

A
  1. SA node generalizes impulse
  2. Impulse pauses at AV node
  3. AV bundle connects atria to the ventricle
  4. Bundle branches conduct impulse through interventricular septum
  5. Purkinje Fibers depolarize contractile cells of both ventricles
53
Q

Why does ventricular muscle have a longer plateau?

A

more calcium coming in for a longer period of time

54
Q

What are the steps of the PQRST waves in terms of depolarization and repolarization?

A
  1. P wave- atrial depolarization- SA node initiation
  2. Between P & Q- atrial depolarization complete- impulse delay at AV node
  3. QRS complex- ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization- impulse spreads to apex and down/away
  4. Between QRS complex & T- ventricular depolarization completion
  5. T wave- ventricular repolarization- impulse starts at apex and spreads up
55
Q

What are the characteristics of a junctional rhythm in an ECG?

A

SA node is nonfunctional
P wave absent
AV node paces heart at 40-60 bpm

56
Q

What are the characteristics of a second-degree heart block in an ECG?

A

Some P waves not conducted through AV node
More P than QRS seen
2:1 P waves to QRS

57
Q

What are the characteristics of ventricular fibrillation in an ECG?

A

Irregular ECG deflections

58
Q

What cases V-Fib?

A

No blood is being pushed out, things are just vibrating

59
Q

What is an ectopic focus?

A

cell with positive charge leakage caused by lack of blood flow

60
Q

What does a heart shock do?

A

completely depolarizes the heart and resets to normal contractions

61
Q

What is ventricular filling also known as?

A

Passive filling

62
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Stroke Volume (SV) + Heart Rate (HR)

63
Q

How is SV calculated?

A

EDV-ESV

64
Q

What is EDV

A

End diastolic volume

volume of blood in ventricle during diastole

65
Q

What is ESV

A

end systolic volume

volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

66
Q

What is preload?

A

degree of cardiac muscle stretch before contraction

67
Q

What does the Frank-Starling law of the heart state?

A

stroke volume of the heart increases with increased EDV

68
Q

Increased preload does what to stroke volume?

A

increases it

69
Q

What does an increase in preload do to the muscles of the heart?

A

stretches out the muscle to generate more force

70
Q

What is contractility?

A

contractile strength at a given muscle length

71
Q

Increased contractility does what to stoke volume?

A

increases it

72
Q

What is afterload?

A

pressure that must be overcome to eject blood

back pressure on aortic and pulmonary valves by arterial blood

73
Q

Increased afterload does what to stoke volume?

A

decreases it because more energy is needed to overcome the pressure value

74
Q

What regulates or influences heart rate?

A

autonomic nervous system
chemicals
age, gender, exercise

75
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence heart rate?

A

increases HR
increases contractility
increases calcium
works on nodes and heart muscle

76
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence heart rate?

A

decreases heart rate

only reaches the nodes

77
Q

What division of the autonomic nervous system is more active in athletes and why?

A

parasympathetic

HR (bpm) is decreased

78
Q

What is the effect of athleticism and vagal tone?

A

athletes have increased vagal tone

79
Q

What kind of relationship does the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system share?

A

push and pull

80
Q

What happens when the valves of the heart become dysfunctional?

A

cardiac muscle gets bigger
affects preload
heart adapts and builds muscle to remain efficient

81
Q

What affect do electrical events have on the heart?

A

arrhythmias

lose efficiency in the heart

82
Q

What happens when arteries are blocked or there is a change in blood supply?

A

hypoxia or ischemia

83
Q

What is ischemia?

A

decreased oxygen
decreased nutrients
muscles will die

Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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