Chapter 17: The Endocrine System Connect HW Flashcards
Monoamine hormones and neurotransmitters are derived from:
amino acids
A condition defined as a disruption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or inaction is of insulin is
diabetes mellitus
Name the mechanisms by which cell-to-cell communication can be accomplished
- neurotransmitters
- paracrines
- hormones
- gap junctions
List the three types of interactive effects hormones can have on their target organs
- antagonistic
- synergistic
- permissive
List examples of peptide hormones
- insulin
- oxytocin
- follicle stimulating hormone
The ovaries and testes are considered _______ glands because they secrete whole cells (the egg and the sperm).
exocrine
The hormone called ________ ________ hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles.
follicle stimulating
Name the pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
The condition of elevated blood glucose is called
hyperglycemia
List the hormones secreted by the ovary
- progesterone
- inhibin
- estradiol
_______ is a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids into the blood.
Cortisol
While both the endocrine and nervous systems are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. One difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system is that:
hormones are released into the interstitial fluids and neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
The endocrine gland called the ________ is an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland.
pancreas
List the hormones that are classified as steroid hormones
- cortisol
- testosterone
Second-messenger system actions in the order they occur:
1) hormone receptor binding activates G-protein
2) G protein activates adenylate cyclase
3) adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
4) cAMP activates protein kinases
The endocrine gland called the ________ _______ may play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms synchronized with light and dark.
pineal gland
The thick outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal _______ .
cortex
Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the _____, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.
genes
Two main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus
- sedentary lifestyle
- obesity
The hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is
thyrotropin
It is difficult for steroids and thyroid hormone to travel through the blood because they are
hydrophobic
define hormone specificty
each hormone binds to only one receptor
The brain area that closely regulates pituitary function
Hypothalamus
Pituitary cell type with the hormone that each produces:
- somatotropes = growth hormone
- lactotropes = prolactin
- corticotropes = adrenocorticotropic hormone
- gonadotropes = follicle stimulating hormone
The largest endocrine gland is the _______ which weighs about 25 grams
Thyroid
List the target cells of insulin
adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Therefore they bind to receptors on the:
cell surface
The gland that is a site of maturation for T lymphocytes (cells that are critically important for immune defense) is the
thymus
The kidneys secrete the hormones:
- erythropoietin
- calcitrol
The hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland that helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume is:
aldosterone
Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associates with a target gene and controls gene:
transcription
Name the two hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary:
- oxytocin (OT)
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral:
calcium
Thyroid hormone accelerates the _______ of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
breakdown
List the substances secreted by pancreatic islet cells
- somatostatin
- glucagon
- insulin
List the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- dopamine
After synthesis in the skin, the version of Vitamin D called _____________ is converted in the liver and then sent to the kidneys to be converted to calcitrol
cholecalciferol
The chemical class or hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four ringed backbone as classified as:
steroid hormones
Name the glands that secrete steroid hormones
- adrenal cortex
- testes
- ovary
The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is
insulin
