Blood Vessels and Circulation - Exam 1

Question 1

What happens to blood pressure as you move away from the heart?

Answer 1

Systemic blood pressure decreases

Question 2

If the artery is farther away from the heart, what happens to it’s connective tissue and therefore pressure?

Answer 2

There is less connective tissue, therefore less pressure

Question 3

What are arteries more composed of compared to capillaries and veins?

Answer 3

smooth muscle

Question 4

What does the adventitia in arteries have and do?

Answer 4

cross sections of blood vessels to allow oxygen, nutrients, and blood from the outside in and vice versa

Question 5

What are fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 5

capillaries that have holes, allowing for exchange of larger material such as proteins

Question 6

What are sinusoid capillaries?

Answer 6

capillaries that have even bigger gaps for even larger exchange

Question 7

Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

Answer 7

liver and bone marrow

Question 8

What are the two types of pressures controlling fluid movement across capillary walls?

Answer 8

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic

Question 9

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 9

fluid pressure
fluid pressing on walls
higher fluid inside vs interstitial, fluid will push out

Question 10

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 10

driven by solutes
colloid= something in suspension
high solutes and low water causes water to flow in

Question 11

What happens if there is a high amount of sodium in the blood?

Answer 11

will go down concentration gradient to surrounding tissues

Question 12

What is a good indicator of what is going on around it?

Answer 12

blood

Question 13

What kind of exchange does interstitial fluid allow?

Answer 13

free exchange between plasma and fluid

Question 14

What kind of exchange does intercellular fluid allow?

Answer 14

no free exchange

Question 15

What organ requires highly regulated exchange with capillaries?

Answer 15

Brain

Question 16

How do blood vessels in the brain behave?

Answer 16

endothelial cells that line vessels have tight junctions that cut off the free route between cells, which forces the fluid through the cell for higher regulation and less pressure buildup

Question 17

If the walls of veins are thinner than arteries, why don’t they burst?

Answer 17

low pressure throughout the veins makes it less likely to burst

Question 18

How much blood is in your veins and why?

Answer 18

65% because veins are a sink for blood

Question 19

What are the 4 ways that blood returns to the heart under low pressure and which are most important?

Answer 19

muscular pump
semilunar pump
sympathetic NS
respiratory pump
most important are the first 3

Question 20

What happens during muscular pump blood return?

Answer 20

most likely skeletal contractions to push blood through arteries and veins

Question 21

What happens during semilunar valve blood return?

Answer 21

contractions cause blood to open semilunars

Question 22

What happens during sympathetic NS blood return?

Answer 22

causes venoconstriction

Question 23

What are varicose veins a result from?

Answer 23

deformed and nonfunctional venous valves

Question 24

What actually happens during the formation of varicose veins?

Answer 24

pressure builds up if semilunars cant be pushed open

blood vessels are stretched due to blood buildup

Question 25

Where are varicose veins most common?

Answer 25

superficial veins

Question 26

What are varicose veins in the anus called?

Answer 26

hemorrhoids

Question 27

What is an important nutrient needed to keep hemorrhoids less painful?

Answer 27

fiber

Question 28

What is perfusion?

Answer 28

amount of blood flow to tissues

Question 29

What is tissue perfusion influenced by?

Answer 29

vascular tone in supplying arterioles | relaxing the blood vessels will lower blood pressure and you will die because tissue perfusion will not occur

Question 30

What are the three types of autoregulation?

Answer 30

metabolic controls myogenic controls long-term autoregulation

Question 31

What is metabolic autoregulation?

Answer 31

byproducts of metabolism (CO2) | causes vasodilation and increased perfusion

Question 32

What is myogenic autoregulation?

Answer 32

arterioles constrict to limit the amount of blood going to capillaries which decreases capillary BP

Question 33

What is long-term autoregulation?

Answer 33

angiogenesis (formation of more blood vessels) for increased blood flow

Question 34

What preludes capillaries to constrict and shunt blood?

Answer 34

Precapillary sphincters

Question 35

What is blood pressure the result of?

Answer 35

flow is opposed by resistance

Question 36

What causes resistance in arteries?

Answer 36

vasoconstriction

Question 37

What are the three factors that maintain BP?

Answer 37

cardiac output peripheral resistance blood volume

Question 38

What happens when you increase the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 38

increased heart rate

Question 39

What are the short-term controls of blood pressure?

Answer 39

neural controls hormonal controls shear stress

Question 40

What is the fastest short-term control system to regulate BP?

Answer 40

Neural controls

Question 41

What are the two types of neural controls?

Answer 41

``` vasomotor center (brain stem) baroreceptors and chemoreceptors ```

Question 42

What happens to baroreceptors when BP is too high?

Answer 42

blood pushes against them to tell brain that it is too high

Question 43

What does stroke volume and the sympathetic nervous system do when BP is too high?

Answer 43

decreases stroke volume sympathetic NS drops heart rate cardiac output is decreased

Question 44

What does vasodilation do to peripheral resistance?

Answer 44

decreases it

Question 45

What happens to baroreceptors that would cause one to remain in a hypertensive state?

Answer 45

they reset with firing at a continuous rate

Question 46

Where are chemoreceptors located?

Answer 46

aortic arch and large arteries of the neck

Question 47

What do chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 47

pH, CO2, blood ox. levels

Question 48

How do chemoreceptors respond to low O2, high CO2, or low pH?

Answer 48

signal generated to increase gas exchange by increasing cardiac output and vasoconstriction

Question 49

What types of hormones increase blood volume?

Answer 49

epinephrine, aldosterone, ADH

Question 50

What types of hormones decrease blood volume?

Answer 50

ANP, Angiotensin, Angiotensin II

Question 51

What does shear stress do to blood pressure?

Answer 51

stimulates release of nitric oxide causing vasodilation

Question 52

How do the kidneys contribute to long-term control of BP?

Answer 52

direct and indirect mechanisms direct= change fluid filtration rate indirect= renin-angiotensin-aldoesterone system

Question 53

What are the 3 types of circulatory shock?

Answer 53

hypovolemic shock vascular cardiogenic

Question 54

What is the BP values of hypertension?

Answer 54

140/90

Question 55

What is essential/primary hypertension?

Answer 55

no known cause (95% of cases)

Question 56

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 56

known cause

Question 57

What causes hypertension?

Answer 57

anything that increases SV, HR, BP | change in peripheral resistance, effect of ADH, aldosterone etc

Question 58

What is the BP reading for prehypertension?

Answer 58

135/85

Question 59

How does atherosclerosis start?

Answer 59

endothelial dysfunction (hyperlipidemia) turbulent blood flow which decreases sheer stress

Question 60

What does atherosclerosis stimulate?

Answer 60

the release of LDL (bad cholesterol)

Question 61

What engulfs LDL in atherosclerosis and what happens because of it?

Answer 61

macrophages digest it and become foam cells | macrophages eventually burst, causing the release of one fat cell

Question 62

What are the consequences of a blocked artery in the heart?

Answer 62

coronary artery disease | can result in heart attack

Question 63

What are the consequences of a blocked artery in the peripheral blood vessels?

Answer 63

peripheral artery disease | can result in gangrene and amputation

Question 64

What are the consequences of a blocked artery in the brain?

Answer 64

stroke

Question 65

What are the methods of treating blockages in coronary arteries?

Answer 65

coronary bypass surgery | angioplasty or stent implantation

Question 66

What is a problem associated with angioplasty and stent formation?

Answer 66

restenosis (re-closure of vessels)

Question 67

What are aneurysms?

Answer 67

localized dilatation of a part of the cardiovascular system

Question 68

What causes aneurysms?

Answer 68

infection of arteriole wall high BP artherosclerosis

Question 69

What are the treatment options for aneurysms?

Answer 69

repair blood vessels via clipping or coiling