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Anatomy & Physiology II > Blood Vessels and Circulation - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Circulation - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to blood pressure as you move away from the heart?

A

Systemic blood pressure decreases

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2
Q

If the artery is farther away from the heart, what happens to it’s connective tissue and therefore pressure?

A

There is less connective tissue, therefore less pressure

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3
Q

What are arteries more composed of compared to capillaries and veins?

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

What does the adventitia in arteries have and do?

A

cross sections of blood vessels to allow oxygen, nutrients, and blood from the outside in and vice versa

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5
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

capillaries that have holes, allowing for exchange of larger material such as proteins

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6
Q

What are sinusoid capillaries?

A

capillaries that have even bigger gaps for even larger exchange

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7
Q

Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

A

liver and bone marrow

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8
Q

What are the two types of pressures controlling fluid movement across capillary walls?

A

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic

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9
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

fluid pressure
fluid pressing on walls
higher fluid inside vs interstitial, fluid will push out

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10
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

driven by solutes
colloid= something in suspension
high solutes and low water causes water to flow in

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11
Q

What happens if there is a high amount of sodium in the blood?

A

will go down concentration gradient to surrounding tissues

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12
Q

What is a good indicator of what is going on around it?

A

blood

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13
Q

What kind of exchange does interstitial fluid allow?

A

free exchange between plasma and fluid

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14
Q

What kind of exchange does intercellular fluid allow?

A

no free exchange

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15
Q

What organ requires highly regulated exchange with capillaries?

A

Brain

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16
Q

How do blood vessels in the brain behave?

A

endothelial cells that line vessels have tight junctions that cut off the free route between cells, which forces the fluid through the cell for higher regulation and less pressure buildup

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17
Q

If the walls of veins are thinner than arteries, why don’t they burst?

A

low pressure throughout the veins makes it less likely to burst

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18
Q

How much blood is in your veins and why?

A

65% because veins are a sink for blood

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19
Q

What are the 4 ways that blood returns to the heart under low pressure and which are most important?

A 
muscular pump
semilunar pump
sympathetic NS
respiratory pump
most important are the first 3
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20
Q

What happens during muscular pump blood return?

A

most likely skeletal contractions to push blood through arteries and veins

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21
Q

What happens during semilunar valve blood return?

A

contractions cause blood to open semilunars

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22
Q

What happens during sympathetic NS blood return?

A

causes venoconstriction

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23
Q

What are varicose veins a result from?

A

deformed and nonfunctional venous valves

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24
Q

What actually happens during the formation of varicose veins?

A

pressure builds up if semilunars cant be pushed open

blood vessels are stretched due to blood buildup

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25
Q

Where are varicose veins most common?

A

superficial veins

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26
Q

What are varicose veins in the anus called?

A

hemorrhoids

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27
Q

What is an important nutrient needed to keep hemorrhoids less painful?

A

fiber

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28
Q

What is perfusion?

A

amount of blood flow to tissues

29
Q

What is tissue perfusion influenced by?

A

vascular tone in supplying arterioles

relaxing the blood vessels will lower blood pressure and you will die because tissue perfusion will not occur

30
Q

What are the three types of autoregulation?

A

metabolic controls
myogenic controls
long-term autoregulation

31
Q

What is metabolic autoregulation?

A

byproducts of metabolism (CO2)

causes vasodilation and increased perfusion

32
Q

What is myogenic autoregulation?

A

arterioles constrict to limit the amount of blood going to capillaries which decreases capillary BP

33
Q

What is long-term autoregulation?

A

angiogenesis (formation of more blood vessels) for increased blood flow

34
Q

What preludes capillaries to constrict and shunt blood?

A

Precapillary sphincters

35
Q

What is blood pressure the result of?

A

flow is opposed by resistance

36
Q

What causes resistance in arteries?

A

vasoconstriction

37
Q

What are the three factors that maintain BP?

A

cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume

38
Q

What happens when you increase the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

increased heart rate

39
Q

What are the short-term controls of blood pressure?

A

neural controls
hormonal controls
shear stress

40
Q

What is the fastest short-term control system to regulate BP?

A

Neural controls

41
Q

What are the two types of neural controls?

A 
vasomotor center (brain stem)
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
42
Q

What happens to baroreceptors when BP is too high?

A

blood pushes against them to tell brain that it is too high

43
Q

What does stroke volume and the sympathetic nervous system do when BP is too high?

A

decreases stroke volume
sympathetic NS drops heart rate
cardiac output is decreased

44
Q

What does vasodilation do to peripheral resistance?

A

decreases it

45
Q

What happens to baroreceptors that would cause one to remain in a hypertensive state?

A

they reset with firing at a continuous rate

46
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

aortic arch and large arteries of the neck

47
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

pH, CO2, blood ox. levels

48
Q

How do chemoreceptors respond to low O2, high CO2, or low pH?

A

signal generated to increase gas exchange by increasing cardiac output and vasoconstriction

49
Q

What types of hormones increase blood volume?

A

epinephrine, aldosterone, ADH

50
Q

What types of hormones decrease blood volume?

A

ANP, Angiotensin, Angiotensin II

51
Q

What does shear stress do to blood pressure?

A

stimulates release of nitric oxide causing vasodilation

52
Q

How do the kidneys contribute to long-term control of BP?

A

direct and indirect mechanisms
direct= change fluid filtration rate
indirect= renin-angiotensin-aldoesterone system

53
Q

What are the 3 types of circulatory shock?

A

hypovolemic shock
vascular
cardiogenic

54
Q

What is the BP values of hypertension?

A

140/90

55
Q

What is essential/primary hypertension?

A

no known cause (95% of cases)

56
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

known cause

57
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

anything that increases SV, HR, BP

change in peripheral resistance, effect of ADH, aldosterone etc

58
Q

What is the BP reading for prehypertension?

A

135/85

59
Q

How does atherosclerosis start?

A

endothelial dysfunction (hyperlipidemia) turbulent blood flow which decreases sheer stress

60
Q

What does atherosclerosis stimulate?

A

the release of LDL (bad cholesterol)

61
Q

What engulfs LDL in atherosclerosis and what happens because of it?

A

macrophages digest it and become foam cells

macrophages eventually burst, causing the release of one fat cell

62
Q

What are the consequences of a blocked artery in the heart?

A

coronary artery disease

can result in heart attack

63
Q

What are the consequences of a blocked artery in the peripheral blood vessels?

A

peripheral artery disease

can result in gangrene and amputation

64
Q

What are the consequences of a blocked artery in the brain?

A

stroke

65
Q

What are the methods of treating blockages in coronary arteries?

A

coronary bypass surgery

angioplasty or stent implantation

66
Q

What is a problem associated with angioplasty and stent formation?

A

restenosis (re-closure of vessels)

67
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

localized dilatation of a part of the cardiovascular system

68
Q

What causes aneurysms?

A

infection of arteriole wall
high BP
artherosclerosis

69
Q

What are the treatment options for aneurysms?

A

repair blood vessels via clipping or coiling

Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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