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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 17: The Endocrine System - Powerpoint Outline > Flashcards

Chapter 17: The Endocrine System - Powerpoint Outline Flashcards

1
Q

List the four main mechanisms of communication between cells in the Endocrine System

A
  • Gap junctions
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Paracrine
  • Hormones
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2
Q

allows molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

(one of the four main mechanisms of comm. between cells in the endocrine system)

A

Gap junctions

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3
Q

released from presynaptic neurons to postsynaptic neuron

one of the four main mechanisms of comm. between cells in the endocrine system

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q

secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

one of the four main mechanisms of comm. between cells in the endocrine system

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

(one of the four main mechanisms of comm. between cells in the endocrine system)

A

Hormones

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6
Q
  • chemical messengers
  • transported by blood
  • stimulate physiological responses in target cells
A

Hormones

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7
Q

is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things (system)

A

Endocrine System

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8
Q
  • ducts to epithelial or membrane surface
  • release secretions via duct
  • extracellular effects (food digestion)

(endocrine or exocrine?)

A

Exocrine

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9
Q
  • no ducts (ductless)
  • contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks for easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream
  • intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism

endocrine or exocrine?

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

Examples of secretions from exocrine glands:

A

bile, sweat glands, etc.

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11
Q

Both systems (nervous and endocrine) are used for internal communication

True or False?

A

TRUE

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12
Q 
Speed and Persistence of Response:
reacts quickly (ms timescale), stops quickly

nervous or endocrine?

A

nervous

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13
Q 
Speed and Resistance of Response:
reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may continue for days or longer

nervous or endocrine?

A

endocrine

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14
Q 
Adaptation to Long-term Stimuli 
response declines (adapts quickly)

nervous or endocrine?

A

nervous

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15
Q 
Adaptation to Long-term Stimuli
response persists (adapts slowly)

nervous or endocrine?

A

endocrine

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16
Q

Area of Effect
targeted and specific (one organ)

nervous or endocrine?

A

nervous

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17
Q

Area of Effect
general, widespread effects (many organs)

nervous or endocrine?

A

endocrine

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18
Q

Both systems (nervous and endocrine) can have similar effects on target cells

True or False?

A

TRUE

Norepinephrine and glucagon both cause glucose hydrolysis in liver

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19
Q

The two systems (nervous and endocrine) can regulate each other

True or False?

A

TRUE

Neurotransmitters can affect glands; hormones can effect neurons

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20
Q

Neuroendocrine cells share characteristics of both systems (nervous and endocrine)

True or False?

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Both systems (nervous and endocrine) require receptors

True or False?

A

TRUE

Nervous - postsynaptic neuron requires receptors
Endocrine - target organs or cells must use receptors for a particular hormone; some target cells possess enzymes that convert a circulating hormone to its more active form

22
Q

Hypothalamus Anatomy

A
  • forms floor and walls of third ventricle of brain
  • regulates primitive functions: water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive, childbirth, etc.
  • pituitary gland is suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum
23
Q

Location of the Pituitary gland

A

Sphenoid; Sella Turcica

24
Q

The Pituitary gland is composed of:

A

Two structures with independent origins and separate functions:

  • Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary); Endocrine
  • Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary); Nervous
25
Q

eight hormones produced in hypothalamus:

A
  • six regulate the anterior pituitary

- two are released into capillaries in the posterior pituitary

26
Q

six anterior pituitary hormones are:

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • lutenizing hormone (LH)
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • growth hormone (GH)
27
Q

hormone that stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

28
Q

hormone that stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

A

lutenizing hormone

29
Q

hormone that stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

30
Q

hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

31
Q

after birth, this hormone stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk

A

prolactin

32
Q

hormone that stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

A

growth hormone

33
Q

two posterior pituitary hormones are:

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

* oxytocin (OT)

34
Q
  • hormone that increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume, and preventing dehydration
  • also called vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction
A

antidiuretic hormone

35
Q
  • surge of hormone released during sexual arousal and orgasm
  • promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners (“cuddle hormone”)
  • stimulates labor contractions during childbirth
  • stimulates flow of milk during lactation
  • may promote emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant
A

oxytocin

36
Q

Hypothalamic and cerebral control examples:

A
  • stress: triggers release of ACTH
  • pregnancy: triggers prolactin secretion
  • osmoreceptors: triggers release of ADH
  • infant suckling: triggers release of oxytocin
37
Q
  • increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones

positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback

control of pituitary secretion

38
Q
  • stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery

positive or negative feedback?

A

Positive feedback

control of pituitary secretion

39
Q
  • synthesizes melatonin at night
  • after age 7, it undergoes involution (shrinkage)
  • may influence timing of puberty
  • may play a role in circadian rhythms
A

Pineal gland

40
Q
  • goes through involution after puberty
  • site of maturation of T cells (immune system)
  • secretes hormones thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin
A

Thymus

41
Q
  • largest gland that is purely endocrine

- composed of two lobes and an isthmus below the larynx

A

Thyroid gland

42
Q

sacs that make up most of thyroid are called:

A

thyroid follicles

43
Q

thyroxine

A

T4

44
Q

triiodothyronine

A

T3

45
Q

in response to TSH, the thyroid gland secretes:

A
  • T4

- T3

46
Q

parafollicular (C or clear) cells secrete:

A
  • calcitonin when blood calcium is high
  • stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation in children
  • children need this more
47
Q

usually four glands partially embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

48
Q

the parathyroid glands secrete:

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

49
Q

the secretion of parathyroid hormone:

A
  • increase blood Ca2+ levels
  • promotes synthesis of calcitriol
  • increases absorption of Ca2+
  • decreases urinary excretion
  • increases bone resorption
50
Q
  • small glands that sit on top of each kidney

- retroperitoneal location

A

the adrenal glands

Anatomy & Physiology II (15 decks)

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