Respiratory System Flashcards
Supplies oxygen to the blood while removing carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
As cells use oxygen, they give off _______ ________, a waste product the body must get rid off.
Carbon Dioxide
Organs of the respiratory system include the :
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their smaller branches, and the lungs, which contain the alveoli or terminal sacs.
Gas exchange with blood happen only in the:
Alveoli
The external visible part of respiratory system
Nose
The olfactory receptors for the sense of smell are located in the:
Mucosa of the superior part of nasal cavity
The three mucosa-covered projections or lobes. It greatly increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to the air. It also increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity.
Conchae
Nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a partition.
Palate
Anteriorly, where palate is supported by bone, is the HARD PALATE;
the unsupported posterior part is the SOFT PALATE.
The genetic defect _________ (failure of the bones forming the palate to fuse medically) results in breathing difficulty as well as problems with oral cavity functions such as chewing and speaking.
Cleft palate
The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of ________ ________ located in the frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
Paranasal sinuses
It lightens the skull, and they act as resonance chambers for speech. They also produce mucus, w/c drains into the nasal cavities.
Sinuses
Which drain tears from the eyes, also empty into the nasal cavities
Nasolacrimal ducts
Cold viruses and various allergens can cause, ________, inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Rhinitis
It is a muscular passageway about 13cm (5inches) long that vaguely resembles a short length of red garden hose. Commonly called the throat. It serves as common passageway for food and air.
Pharynx
Air enters through:
Nasopharynx➡️oropharynx➡️larngopharynx➡️larynx
Food enters through:
Mouth➡️oropharynx➡️laryngopharynx➡️esophagus
The __________, which drain the middle ear, open into the nasopharynx
Pharyngotympanic tubes
Ear infection such as _____ _______ may follow a sore throat or other types of pharyngeal infection
Otitis Media
Clusters of Lymphatic tissue called ________ are also found in the pharynx.
Tonsils
The pharyngeal tonsil, often called ________, is located high in the nasopharynx
Adenoid
The palatine tonsils are in the _______ at the end of the soft palate
As are the lingual tonsils, which lie at the _________.
Oropharynx
Base of the tongue
If the pharyngeal tonsils becomes inflamed and swollen (as during a bacterial infection), it obstructs the nasopharynx and forces the person to breathe through the mouth.
Tonsillitis
The ______ breathing, air is not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching the lungs
mouth breathing
The _________ or voicebox, routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech. Located inferior to the pharynx.
-rigid hyaline cartilage [stiff]
Larynx
The largest of the hyaline cartilages is the shield-shaped__________ _________, which protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called the ________ ________.
Thyroid cartilage
Adams Apple
The guardian of the airways. It protects the superior opening of the larynx.
Epiglottis
The pair of folds which vibrate with expelled air. This ability of the vocal folds to vibrate allows us to speak
Vocal folds or true vocal cords
The vocal folds and the slit like passageway between them are called the _______.
or
The laryngeal opening
glottis
also called the windpipe, extends from larynx to the main bronchi. It is a smooth muscle tube lined with a ciliated mucosa and reinforced with C-shaped cartilaginous rings.
4” tube that connects with larynx -travels to level T5
Lined with ciliated mucosa
🔺pseudostratified columnar cells
▶️when inhaling bad smells (toxins) can cause to destroy cells off, get replaced by stratified… lose cilia, lose mucus when destroyed
Trachea
Because the trachea is the only way air can enter the lungs, _____ _____ is life threatening. Many people have suffocated after choking on a piece of food that suddenly closed off trachea (or the glottis of the larynx)
Tracheal Obstruction
A procedure in which the air in a person’s own lungs is “pop out”, or expel, an obstruction piece of food, has saved many people
Heimlich Maneuver
It is a large organ that occupy the entire thoracic cavity except the most central area, the mediastinum.
LUNGS
The surface of each lung is covered with a visceral serous a called________.
Pulmonary or Visceral pleura
The walls of the thoracic cavity are lined by the ________ pleura.
Parietal pleura
The _______ _____ which includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli, is the only site of gas exchange.
Respiratory Zone
The mainly Elastic connective tissue that allows the lungs to recoil passively as we exhale.
Stroma
Lungs weigh only about _________ and they are soft and spongy.
2 1/2 lbs.
The respiratory membrane is composed of squamous epithelial cells of:
The alveoli
The capillary endothelium
The scant basement membranes between
Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the _____________.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary blood into the ___________.
Pulmonary capillary blood.
Alveolus.
The walls of the alveoli are composed largely of a single, thin layer of _______________.
Squamous Epithelial Cells
The final line of defense for respiratory system is in the alveoli. Remarkably efficient, ________ ______, sometimes called “dust cells”, wander in and out of the alveoli picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris.
Alveolar Macrophages
These cells produce a lipid (fat) molecule called _________, which coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces and is very important in lung function
Surfactant
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. To do this, at least four distinct events collectively called respiration, must occur
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- External Respiration
- Respiratory Gas Transport
- Internal Respiration
Air must move into and out of lungs so that the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously refreshed. Also called BREATHING.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Gas exchange (oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading) between the pulmonary blood and alveoli must take place. Gas exchange are being made between the blood and the body exterior.
External Respiration (Pulmonary Gas Exchange)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream.
Respiratory Gas Transport
At systemic capillaries, gas exchanges must be made between the blood and tissue cells. Gas exchange are occurring between the blood and cells inside the body.
Internal Respiration (Systemic capillary gas exchange)
The actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells, that is, _______ _______, is the cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions in the body. It occurs in all body cells.
Cellular respiration
Mechanics of breathing:
Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure.
- When inspiratory muscles contracts, intrapulmonary volume increases, its pressure decreases, and air rushes in
- When inspiratory muscles relax, the lungs recoil and air rushes out
Diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes
- Inspiration
2. Expiration
The volume within the lungs
Intrapulmonary volume
Normally the pressure within the pleural space (intrapleural pressure) is always,______
Negative
this is the major factor preventing collapse of the lungs.
During ___________, the lung is useless for Ventilation.
Atelectasis (lung collapse)
The presence of air in the intrapleural space, which disrupts the fluid bond between the pleurae, is referred to as______
Pneumothorax
Blood pH should remain 7.35 - 7.45. Buffers, such as ______, minimizes changes in pH order to maintain homeostasis.
Bicarbonate ion
Inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissue is called______
Hypoxia
represents a unique type of hypoxia. Hemoglobin binds to CO more readily than to oxygen.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
The normal respiratory rate is referred to as ______
Eupnea
Neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located in the ______
Medulla and pons
Difficult or laboured breathing, often referred to as “air hunger”
Dyspnea
The alveoli enlarge as the walls of adjacent breakthrough, and chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of the lungs.
Emphysema
IRDS or Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Infants who are born prematurely (before Week 28) or in whom surfactant production is inadequate
This infant have dyspnea w/n few hrs of birth, accounts for over 20,000 newborn deaths
Causes oversecretion of a thick mucus that clogs the respiratory passages and puts the child at risk for fatal respiratory infection. It impairs food digestion by clogging ducts that deliver pancreatic enzyme and bile to the small intestine.
Cystic Fibrosis
also called crib death. Apparently healthy infants stop breathing and die in their sleep, leaving their anguished parents to face charges of child abuse in some cases.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Pressure outside the body is _____________
Pressure inside the lungs is ______________
Pressure in the intrapleural space is _________
Atmospheric Pressure
IntraPulmonary Pressure
Intrapleural Pressure (always negative)
_________ may result in apnea and dizziness, due to alkalosis.
Hyperventilation
The most important birth defects of the Respiratory system are:
1.
2.
Cleft Palate and cystic fibrosis
Air in the conducting zone that does not contribute to gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood is called ____
Dead space volume
______ is the amt. of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation (tidal expiration).
Expiratory reserve volume
The main stimulus for increasing the breathing rate and depth of the lungs involves ____.
an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood
A decrease in oxygen level in the blood only becomes an important stimulus for increasing the breathing rate when the level is ___________.
Dangerously low
What statement regarding expiration is FALSE?
Expiration in healthy people is a largely active process, which relies on muscle contraction of the internal intercostal muscle.
The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by forcible expiration after the deepest inspiration;
Total amount of exchangeable air.
Vital capacity
IRV+TV+ERV
If for any reason the inter pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric air pressure, the lungs immediately recoil completely and ______.
Collapse
_________ would increase the pH of blood leading to alkalosis.
Hyperventilating
Rebreathing air leads to _____________, an increase in carbonic acid in the blood, and a decrease in pH.
increased carbon dioxide retention
The movement of the respiratory gases across the lung membrane is by ________ _____.
simple diffusion
Correct order of path followed by an oxygen molecule as it travels from the outside to the lungs.
External nares ↘️ nasal cavity ↘️ nasopharyx ↘️ oropharynx ↘️ laryngopharynx ↘️ glottis ↘️ larynx ↘️ trachea ↘️ primary bronchi ↘️ secondary bronchi
Place the ff structures in the correct order, from superficial to deep:
- Lungs
- Pleural cavity
- Visceral cavity
- Parietal cavity
4-2-3-1
The largest amount of carbon Dioxide is carried in the blood in the form of _____.
Bicarbonate ions
What is the form of hemoglobin that is responsible for carrying oxygen?
Oxyhemoglobin
Refers to carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin
Carbamino-hemoglobin
Hemoglobin has a much higher affinity to ________ than it does for ______, and will block the loading and transport of oxygen by hemoglobin. Someone exposed to CO needs to be placed in a 100% O2environment to help their recovery.
Carbon monoxide
Oxygen
Easy, normal breathing
Eupnea
Breathing; consists of inspiration and expiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with normal breath
Average male and female = 500ml
Tidal volume
metabolic process in which ATP is produced
Cellular respiration
The actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary gas exchange)
External Respiration
a chemical substance outing the pulmonary alveoli walls that reduces surface tension, thus preventing collapse of the alveoli after expiration.
Surfactant
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
Internal Respiration
The amount of gas per minute (Respiration)
5L/min
CO2 is transported in the blood in 3 for for forms:
- dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
- Bound to globin of hemoglobin (20%)
- Transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma (70%)
Major function of the nose?
- Airway Respiration
- Moisten and warms entering air
- Filters and cleans inspired air
- Resonating chamber for speech
- House olfactory receptors
What is intrapleural pressure?
It is the pressure difference between the lungs and the pleural cavity of the lungs
756mm Hg
(-4 mm Hg) = value
What are the differences between the respiratory and conducting zone?
The difference between respiratory and conducting zones is their function: the conducting zone transports air into and out of the lungs; the respiratory zone allows gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.
What 3 factors can influence breathing?
- Airway resistance
- Alveolar surface tension
- Lung compliance
In regards to the respiratory member of the alveoli, what are the types of the cells?
🔘 Alveolar walls are composed of single layer of squamous epithelium (type I cells)
🔘 Scattered type II cuboidal cells secretes surfactant and antimicrobial proteins.
What type of tissue forms the larynx? What is the benefit?
Connective tissue called hyaline cartilage forms the larynx.
The function of hyaline cartilage is to provide flexible support. It has great tensile strength (due to collagen) and is highly resistant to pressure (due to ground substance)
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the lungs. During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients.
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure within the lungs, causes lungs to remain slightly inflated after expiration.
Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs.
760 mmHg
(0 mmHg) = value
Name the here accessory muscles that are activated during forced inspiration that raise the rib cage more vigorously
Scalenes
Sternoclemastoids
Pectoralis
Provide two examples of muscles that cause abdominal pressure to rise
Obliques
Transversus
Gas volume that allows gas exchange to go on continuously
Residual volume (RV)
Sudden inspiration resulting from spasms of the diaphragm are___
Hiccups
The change in lung volume with a given change in transpulmonary pressure
Diminished by age-related lung fibrosis and increasing rigidity of the thoracic cage
Lung compliance
Gas flow changes inversely with this factor
Respiratory passageway resistance
Gas volume that allows gas exchange to go on continuously
Residual Volume (RV)
Either body system fails due to:
- Oxygen starvation (and/or)
2. Buildup of C02
Upper respiratory system:
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
🔴 not sterile
Lower respiratory system:
🔴 regulates air to alveoli; sterile
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Pharynx (throat)
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx ➡️ ~5” long
Regions of the Pharynx:
- Nasopharynx - bet nares and soft palate
▪️lined w/ pseudo stratified columnar epithelium - Oropharynx - bet soft palate and base of tongue
▪️ lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium - Laryngopharynx - bet hyoid and entrance to larynx and esophagus
▪️ lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium
Tonsils of the Pharynx:
- Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
This protective reflex doesn’t work when unconscious- can be impaired with neurological damage (stroke) 🔜 increase risk of choking
Piece of tissue that open or close depending on where to go to route either esophagus or trachea. As oppose to lungs, controlled by cranial nerves (gag reflex)
Epiglottis
Groove near the superior point (apex of lung) is the _____
💬allows passage of bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
Hilum
Lung tissue made up of ______ ____ to allow for stretching with inhalation
elastic tissue
Inspiratory Reserve Vol + Total Vol = ____
Inspiratory Capacity
Bronchioles
🔅have smooth muscles. Controlled by Autonomic (SNS and PNS)
🔆 need blood supply, nerve innervation
🔅 covered with capillaries
Alveoli
🔅99% clumped at terminal end of bronchioles; surround w capillaries
Diagphram
🔅 under autonomic control
🔆 can also be voluntary control e.i. Holding breath
🔅 it has both properties of voluntary and involuntary
Pleural fluid for friction reduction
