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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 11: Brain (Cardiovascular system) > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Brain (Cardiovascular system) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cerebral arterial Circle of Willis

A

Arterial supply of the Brain

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2
Q

what artery serves the brain stem and cerebellum

A

Basilar artery

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3
Q

it form the anterior and posterior blood supplies in the circle of willis

A

Carotid Arteries and Vertebral arteries

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4
Q

pressure wave of blood (expansion and recoil of blood vessels that occurs with each heart beat)

A

Pulse

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5
Q

known as ___________ because can compress to stop bleeding

where pulse is easily palpated for grade, force, regularity and rate

A

pressure point

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6
Q

is the force of blood exerts against wall of blood vessels

determined by pumping action of the heart and size/diameter (lumen) of blood vessels

A

Blood Pressure

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7
Q

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

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8
Q

Systolic Normal Value

A

110- 120 mmHg

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9
Q

Diastolic Normal Value

A

70 to 80 mmHg

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10
Q

pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

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11
Q

Tissue Perfusion

A

blood flow in tissue

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12
Q

cause short term changes by activation of cardiovascular centre

A

Neural Mechanisms

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13
Q

cause long term increase in blood volume and blood pressure

A

Endocrine Mechanisms

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14
Q

Baroreceptors found in:

A
  1. walls of carotid sinuses
  2. Aortic sinuses
  3. Right Atrium
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15
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes are triggered in response to changes in blood pressure and involve:

A
  1. vasomotor center
  2. cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory enters

Response by these centres restore normal blood pressure

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16
Q

Factors Affecting BP

A
  1. Cardiac Output

2. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

17
Q

Effect of TPR on
High Vasocontriction __________?
High Vasodilation _________?

A

increases BP

decrease BP

18
Q

Blood Volume on BP
low volume ________?
High volume ________?

A

decrease BP

increase BP

19
Q

Kidneys play a major role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis by adjusting blood volume through

A

Urine Output

20
Q

Blood Viscosity effect on BP

  • Thick _____?
  • Thin ______?
A

increase BP

decrease BP

21
Q

Viscosity will change due to _______

A

RBC or hydration status

22
Q

rising from sitting to standing causes dizziness

A

Orthostatic Hypotension

23
Q

Low systolic (<100mmHg) and often associated with illness, poor nutrition, blood loss

A

Hypotension

24
Q

Normal response to fever, exercise, emotional upset

Can be dangerous if chronic - silent killer

A

Hypertension

25
Q

Substances exchange due to __________

  • oxygen and nutrients leave the blood
  • carbon dioxide and other wastes leaves the cells
A

concentration gradients

26
Q

Substances take various routes entering or leaving the blood through:

A
  1. Direct diffusion through membranes
  2. Diffusion through intercellular clefts
  3. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries
  4. Transport via vesicles
27
Q

Fluid movement at capillary level depends on difference between two pressures:

A
  1. Blood pressure force fluid and solutes out of capillaries
  2. Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries

note: some fluid is moved into the lymph system

28
Q

Is fetal Circulation is temporary or permanent?

A

it is temporary only in the fetus

29
Q

Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes through the______

A

Placenta

30
Q

it is a vein that carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

A

umbilical vein

31
Q

it carries carbon dioxide and debris laden blood from fetus to placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

32
Q

in Fetal circulation, oxygenated blood bypasses the _____

A

liver

(Blood goes from the umbilical vein through the ductus venous and enters the inferior vena cava into the right atrium or heart (the blood in the IVC is deoxygenated, thus when the two blood mix, it is now moderately oxygenated)

33
Q

Changes in circulation at birth (with first breath)

(a) the foramen ovale becomes __________, so blood now can only travel from the right atrium to the right ventricles
(b) the ductus arterioles collapses and becomes the ___________, which helps anchor the aorta beside the pulmonary trunk

A

a. fossa ovalis

b. ligamentum arteriosum

34
Q

a simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by week ____?

A

week 4

35
Q

the heart becomes a four chambered organ by the end of ______week

A

7 weeks

36
Q

this account for half of all infant death resulting congenital problems

A

congenital heart defects

37
Q

An aging heart

A

decreased size
decreased contractile strength
left ventricular wall thickens
heart valves more stiff - murmurs

38
Q

Age related problems with the CV system include:

A
  1. weakening of venous valves causing varicose veins
  2. Progressive arteriosclerosis
  3. Hypertension resulting from loss of elasticity of vessels
  4. Coronary artery disease resulting from fatty, calcified deposits in the vessels

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (11 decks)

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