Lymphatic System Flashcards
Lymph capillaries
Contain endothelial cells separated by flap like valves that can open wide
Which parts of the lymph node show increased activity when antibody production is high?
Germinal centres
Which of the following connect to the lymph node at the hilum?
a. Afferent lymphatic vessels
b. Efferent lymphatic vessels
c. Trabecular
d. Anchoring filaments
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
Which of the ff: are part of MALT?
a. Tonsils
b. Thymus
c. Peyer’s patches
d. Any lymphoid tissue along the digestive tract
Ans: Tonsils and Peyers patches
Developmentally, embryonic lymphatic vessels are most closely associated with the
a. veins
b. Arteries
c. Nerves
d. Thymus gland
Veins
Which of the following are among the most common indicators of information?
a. Phagocytosis
b. Edema
c. Leukocytosis
d. Pain
Ans: Edema & Pain
Chemicals mediators of inflammation include
a. Interferon
b. Complement
c. Histamine
d. Antibodies
Histamine
Against which of the following will interferon do some good?
a. infection of body cells by a virus
b. Circulating free virus
c. Some types of cancer
d. Bacterial infection
Ans: infection of body cells by a virus &
Some types of cancer
Which of these antibody classes is usually arranged as pentamer?
a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgA
d. IgD
IgM
Which part of an antibody molecule are different for an IgG antibody than for an IgM antibody that attacks the same antigen?
a. heavy chain constant region
b. Heavy chain variable region
c. Light chain constant region
d. Light chain variable region
Ans: Heavy chain variable region
Light chain variable region
Which of the ff: antibody capabilities causes a transfusions reaction with A & B erythrocytes antigens?
a. neutralization
b. Precipitation
c. Complement fixation
d. Agglutination
Agglutination
Which of the ff: Is/are examples of autoimmune disease?
a. Type 1 diabetes
b. Multiple sclerosis
c. Grave’s disease
d. Rheumatoid arthritis
All of the above
The main cellular target of the HIV virus that causes AIDS is
a. Helper T cells
b. Cytotoxic T cells
c. Macrophages
d. B cells
Helper T cells
The Lymphatic vessels, also called_____________, form a one-way system and lymph flows only towards the heart.
Remarkably permeable
~> problem w/ this particles such as cell debris, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells can enter just as easily as lymph fluid
Lymphatics
It drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
The Right Lymphatic Duct
It receives lymph from the rest of the body
The large Thoracic Duct
Both the right lymphatic Duct and the large thoracic Duct empty the lymph into the?
Subclavian vein on their own side of the body
Like veins of the cardiovascular system, Lymphatic vessels are thin walled, and the larger ones have valves.
The lymphatic system is low-pressure, pumpless system.
True
Engulf and destroy bacteria
Arise from monocycles. secrete cytokines. Fixed in the lymphoid organs
Macrophages
A type of WBC, are also located in the lymph nodes and respond to foreign substances in the lymphatic stream.
It arise from the red bone marrow but then migrate to the lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs, where they proliferate further.
T-lymphocytes (T cells)
B-lymphocytes (B cells)
NK cells
Lymphocytes
Kidney-shaped, less than 1 inch (approximately 2.5 cm long, “buried” in the connective tissue that surrounds them.
Can also become secondary cancer sites
- cancer infiltrates : non-painful but swollen
Lymph Nodes
Phagocytize macrophages are located in the ___________ of the lymph node.
Central Medulla
Other lymphoid Organs are ______
- Spleen
- Thymus
- Tonsils
- Peyer’s patches
- Appendix of the intestine
- bits of lymphoid tissue scattered in the epithelial and connective tissues
Only lymph node filter lymph….
Is a soft, blood-rich organ that filters blood. It is located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, and curls around the anterolateral aspect of the stomach.
It filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris.
Provides site of lymphocytes proliferation
Spleen
In fetus, the ___________ is an important hematopoietic site, but as a rule the adult _________ only produces lymphocytes.
Stores platelets and RBCs
Can live w/o it but may be more prone to infection.
Spleen
The _________, which function at peak levels only during youth, is a lymphoid mass found low in the throat overlying the heart.
It produces hormones, thymosin. Site of T-cell maturation
Thymus
The ________ are small masses of lymphoid tissue that ring the pharynx (the throat), where they are found in the mucosa.
Their job is to trap and remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.
Tonsils
It resembles tonsils, are found in the wall of the distal part of the small intestine.
Capture and destroy bacteria leaving the intestine.
Peyer’s Patches
Lymphoid follicles are also heavily concentrated in the walls of the ________, a tubelike offshoot of the first part of the intestine.
Appendix
They are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues referred to as___________. Includes peyer’s patches, tonsils and other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue.
It acts as sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from nerve-ending attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities.
Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
The body’s defenders against these tiny but mighty enemies are two systems
Together they make up the Immune system.
Innate and the adaptive defense system
The innate defense system also called the nonspecific defense system.
Responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances, whatever they are.
These system prevents entry and spread of microorganisms throughout the body
Mounts the attack against particular foreign substances
The adaptive or Specific defense system
Our ____________. Protects us from most bacteria, viruses, transplanted organs or grafts, and even our own cells that have turned against us (cancer cells).
It does this both directly, by cell attack &
Indirectly, by releasing mobilizing chemicals and protective antibody molecules.
Immune System
The resulting highly specific resistance to disease is called
Immunity
Is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens.
PUS
A ________ such as a macrophage or neutrophil, engulfs a foreign particle much the way an amoeba ingests a food particle.
Phagocyte
Force fluid out of the blood at the arterial ends of the capillary beds
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures
Reabsorbs fluid at the venous end
Capillary beds
The interstitial fluid that remains behind in the tissue spaces is
3L
- must return to plasma to maintain blood volume
- if not returned ~> development of edema
Regional lymph nodes
- Cervical nodes - head & neck
- Axillary nodes - under arm (often assoc. w/ breast cancer)
- Inguinal nodes - located in groin
caused by blocked Lymphatic drainage (usually affects limbs; can affect other areas)
~> Interstitial fluid accumulates
~> causes swollen and distended areas
Lymphedema
Outer part
Contains follicles - collections of lymphocytes
Cortex
Lymph Pathway
afferent Lymphatic vessels ~> sinuses inside the node ~> efferent Lymphatic vessels
The phagocytes know where the pathogens are because the invaded cells release a chemical w/c attracts the phagocytes to the site of the pathogens
Chemotaxis
Second line of defense inflammatory response. It produces five cardinal signs of acute inflammation
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
Inflammatory chemicals cause:
- blood vessels in injured area to dilate
- increase blood flow
- capillaries also become leaky
- Activation of nociceptors
- chemotaxis
Fever is caused by
Pyrogens
*high temp release of iron & zinc from the liver & spleen needed
Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair
Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells. It binds to healthy cells surfaces to prevent viruses from entering the cells and multiplying
Interferon
The role of T-cells
Perform a surveillance role
The most important role of spleen
Destroy and process worn-out red blood cells
The keratinized _______ and ________ are the body’s first line of defense against pathogens
Epidermis, mucous membranes
Lymph moves towards the heart by:
- Milking action of skeletal muscles
2. Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls
It filter Lymphatic fluid before bringing it back to blood
Lymphatic Node
Lymph may contain harmful materials that then can enter the lymphatic vessels:
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Cancers cells
- Cell debris
Antimicrobial chemicals are:
- Complement
- Interferon
- Fluid with acid pH
Promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus infected or cancerous body cells; do not depend on specific antigen recognition
Natural killer cells
Types of immunity:
- Humoral immunity - antibody-mediated. Targets predominantly bacterial-infected cells
- Cellular immunity - cell-mediated. Target virus -infected, cancer and cells foreign graft. Immunity provided by lymphocytes
