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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels. Its function is to deliver oxygen, nutrients and hormones while removing carbon dioxide and other waste products

A

the Cardiovascular System

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2
Q

the location of the heart

A

Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

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3
Q

size of the heart

A

size of your fist and weighs less than a pound

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4
Q

allows blood to circulate to the body

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

it is a covering that surrounds the heart, formed by parietal pericardium

A

pericardial sac

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6
Q

It is bounded by two serous membranes the Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium. And contains 15-50 mL pericardial fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

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7
Q

It is a type of muscle tissue which is specialized intercellular connections, branching interconnections between cells, smaller cell size than skeletal muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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8
Q

it is a type of cell found only in the heart

A

cardiomyocytes

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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10
Q

Serous membrane covering outer surface of heart. attached to myocardium

A

Epidcardium (visceral pericardium)

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11
Q

muscular wall of heart composed of connective layers of cardiac muscle tissue. Also contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

simple squamous epithelium with underlying areolar tissue. Lines inner surface of heart including valves

A

endocardium

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13
Q

chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation - low pressure

A

Right ventricles

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14
Q

chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to systemic system - high pressure

A

Left ventricles

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15
Q

it separates the ventricles

A

inter ventricular septum

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16
Q

it separates the atria

A

intreratrial septum

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17
Q

what are the four valves of the heart

A

2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves and 2 semilunar valves

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18
Q

a heart valve found between the atria and ventricles. It allow flow into ventricles -closure of these valves make the 1st heart sound (lub)

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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19
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  1. bicuspid or mintral valve (left)

2. tricuspid valve (right)

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20
Q

a heart valve that controls flow of blood out or right and left ventricles. closure of these valves cause the 2nd heart sound (dub)

A

Semilunar valves

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21
Q

what are the 2 Semilunar valves

A
  1. pulmonary valve (right)

2. aortic valve (left)

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22
Q

blood rushing through heart, or heart muscle contracting

A

produced by heart valves closing

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23
Q

sound produced as AV valve close. marks starts of ventricular contraction.

A

“lubb”

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24
Q

second sound occurs when semilunar valves closes.

A

“dupp”

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25
Q

third and fourth sounds from blood flowing into ventricles (S3) and atrial contraction (S4) are usually very ________________.

A

faint and not heard in health adult.

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26
Q

it is the hearts pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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27
Q

is the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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28
Q

it spreads within the ventricle wall muscles

A

Purkinje fibers

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29
Q

Normal Heart rate range

A

60 - 100 bpm

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30
Q

a recording of electrical activity of heart using electrodes on surface of body.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

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31
Q

heart rate over 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

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32
Q

heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

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33
Q

Its is the sequence of events that occurs during a heartbeat - a coordinated contraction and relaxation of chambers of heart

A

Cardiac Cycle

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34
Q

two basic phases of cardiac cycle

A
  1. contraction (systole) - blood pushed into adjacent chamber or arterial trunk
  2. relaxation (diastole) - chamber fills the blood
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35
Q

Average HR is

A

70 - 75 beats per minute

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36
Q

the amount of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole

A

Preload

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37
Q

refers to resistance or opposition

A

after load

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38
Q

if pulmonary artery is narrowed then right ventricle needs to work hard to pump blood into pulmonary artery leading to heart sided failure called

A

Cor Pulmonale

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39
Q

Afterload can be altered by drugs? T or F

A

True

40
Q

Percentage of blood pumped is called

A

Ejection fraction

41
Q

Stroke volume can be change by two ways

A
  1. Startling’s Law

2. inotropic Effect

42
Q

states that the greater the volume of blood entering the heart during diastole (end-diastolic volume), the greater the volume of blood ejected during systolic contraction (stroke volume)

A

Starling’s Law of Heart

43
Q

Second way of increasing Stroke Volume is to strengthen the force of contraction without stretching the heart fibres. done by stimulating sympathetic nerves with hormones and drugs

A

Inotropic Effect

44
Q

the amount of blood pumped by left ventricles in one minute. depends on heart rate & stroke volume.

A

cardiac output

45
Q

Body can adjust cardiac output to meet needs. Heart rate can increase by 250% and SV can double is called

A

Cardiac output adjustment

46
Q

it carries blood away from the heart

A

arteries and arterioles

47
Q

exchanges between tissues and blood

A

capillary beds

48
Q

returns blood towards the heart

A

venules and veins

49
Q

It transport blood to the tissues and back

A

the Vascular system

50
Q

it carries blood to and from lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

51
Q

transport blood to and from rest of body

A

systemic circuit

52
Q

blood leaves the heart in arteries

A

efferent vessels

53
Q

blood returns to heart in veins

A

afferent vessels

54
Q

thin walls allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products. only blood vessels to allow between blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillaries

55
Q

mechanisms to maintain flow in veins against gravity

A
  1. valves
  2. contraction of skeletal muscles
  3. respiratory pump
56
Q

systemic viens contains ____% of total blood volume

A

64%

57
Q

What are the arteries in the body

A
  1. Elastic arteries
  2. Muscular arteries
  3. Arterioles
58
Q

large vessels transporting blood away from heart include pulmonary trunk, aorta, and branches. it is capable of stretching and recoiling

A

elastic arteries

59
Q

medium-sized arteries. it distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

A

muscular arteries

60
Q

Capillaries thin walls allow for easy ________

A

diffusion

61
Q

Capillaries pores allow exchange of ____ & _____

A

water and solutes

62
Q

It is a circulatory circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs, returns oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

A

Pulmonary Circuit

63
Q

It is a circulatory circuit that transport oxygenated blood to all organs and tissues. returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium

A

Systemic Circuit

64
Q

it is the largest artery in the body.

A

Aorta

65
Q

branches of aorta

A
  1. ascending aorta
  2. aortic arch
  3. descending aorta
66
Q

in thoracic cavity, these artery supplying brain and spinal cord branches off the subclavian artery

A

Vertebral artery

67
Q

the vertebral artery after passing superior border of first rib, subclavian, becomes:

A

Axillary artery

68
Q

When axillary artery enters the arms, its called the

A

Brachial Artery

69
Q

In the forearm, the brachial artery branches into

A
  1. Radial Artery

2. Ulnar Artery

70
Q

Radial and ulnar arteries fuse to form arteries supplying the _____

A

hand

71
Q

common _________ arteries supply blood to face, neck, and brain

A

carotid

72
Q

carotid sinus at base of carotid artery contains ____________ detecting blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

73
Q

vertebral arteries fuse to form ________ artery at ventral surface of medulla oblongata

A

Basilar Artery

74
Q

Descending Aorta is divided by diaphragm into __________ & ____________

A
  1. Thoracic Aorta

2. Abdominal Aorta

75
Q

Supplying liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, spleen, and pancreas

A

Celiac Trunk

76
Q

Supplying pancreas, duodenum, small and large intestines

A

Superior mesenteric artery

77
Q

Supplying terminal portions of colon and rectum

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

78
Q

abdominal aorta splits into right and left common _________ arteries supplying pelvic organs, medial thigh

A

iliac arteries

79
Q

As it enters lower limb, iliac artery becomes _________ artery supplying anterior and lateral skin and deep muscles of thigh

A

femoral artery

80
Q

femoral artery becomes _________ artery posterior to knee joint

A

popliteal artery

81
Q

popliteal artery branching into _________ & _______ arteries. These arteries feed the lower legs and branch into smaller arteries feeding the feet.

A

posterior and anterior tibial arteries

82
Q

two sets of peripheral veins

A
  1. one deep

2. one superficial

83
Q

hot weather, venous blood in superficial veins to allow __________.
cold weather, venous blood in deep veins minimizes __________.

A

heat loss

84
Q

Blood drains from thorax into _____________

A

superior vena cava

85
Q

Blood from areas inferior to diaphragm drains into ___________

A

inferior vena cava

86
Q

Veins of the neck draining into the superior vena cava include: ______ & _________

A
  1. jugular vein - from structures of head and neck

2. vertebral vein - from cervical spinal cord, posterior surface of skull

87
Q

from veins in the fingers, blood drains into: _______ & ________

A
  1. ulnar vein
  2. radial vein

which drain into: cephalic, brachial & basilica vien

88
Q

ulnar and radial vein merge to form ____

A

brachial vein

89
Q

brachial and basilic vein merge to form _____

A

axillary vein

90
Q

axillary vein merges with cephalic to form ______

A

subclavian vein

91
Q

subclavian veins merge with jugular veins to form ______

A

brachiocephalic vein

92
Q

right and left brachiocephalic veins merge to form _______

A

superior vena cava

93
Q

is formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein (digestive organs, spleen, pancreas)

A

hepatic portal circulation

94
Q

Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the _______, where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation via the inferior vena cava

A

liver

95
Q

Hepatic portal vein formed by fusion of:

A
  1. superior mesenteric vein
  2. inferior mesenteric vein
  3. splenic vein
96
Q

Lower Limb Blood Drainage

A

Anterior portion of lower limb drain into the tibial, fibular, popliteal and small saphenous veins&raquo_space;these merge into femoral vein also drains anterior thigh
Great Saphenous vein drains posterior thigh
-joins femoral vein at pelvic girdle
Femora vein becomes iliac vein in pelvic cavity

97
Q

Veins Draining into the Inferior Vena Cava

A

Lumbar vein drain spinal cord and muscles of body wall
Gonadal veins
- ovarian veins drain ovaries
- testicular veins drain testes
Hepatic vein drain sinusoids (channel) of liver
Renal Vein collect blood from kidney
Adrenal vein drain adrenal glands

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (11 decks)

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