Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels. Its function is to deliver oxygen, nutrients and hormones while removing carbon dioxide and other waste products
the Cardiovascular System
the location of the heart
Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum
size of the heart
size of your fist and weighs less than a pound
allows blood to circulate to the body
blood vessels
it is a covering that surrounds the heart, formed by parietal pericardium
pericardial sac
It is bounded by two serous membranes the Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium. And contains 15-50 mL pericardial fluid
Pericardial cavity
It is a type of muscle tissue which is specialized intercellular connections, branching interconnections between cells, smaller cell size than skeletal muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue
it is a type of cell found only in the heart
cardiomyocytes
What are the three layers of the heart
- Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Serous membrane covering outer surface of heart. attached to myocardium
Epidcardium (visceral pericardium)
muscular wall of heart composed of connective layers of cardiac muscle tissue. Also contains blood vessels and nerves
Myocardium
simple squamous epithelium with underlying areolar tissue. Lines inner surface of heart including valves
endocardium
chamber of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation - low pressure
Right ventricles
chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to systemic system - high pressure
Left ventricles
it separates the ventricles
inter ventricular septum
it separates the atria
intreratrial septum
what are the four valves of the heart
2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves and 2 semilunar valves
a heart valve found between the atria and ventricles. It allow flow into ventricles -closure of these valves make the 1st heart sound (lub)
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
what are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves
- bicuspid or mintral valve (left)
2. tricuspid valve (right)
a heart valve that controls flow of blood out or right and left ventricles. closure of these valves cause the 2nd heart sound (dub)
Semilunar valves
what are the 2 Semilunar valves
- pulmonary valve (right)
2. aortic valve (left)
blood rushing through heart, or heart muscle contracting
produced by heart valves closing
sound produced as AV valve close. marks starts of ventricular contraction.
“lubb”
second sound occurs when semilunar valves closes.
“dupp”
third and fourth sounds from blood flowing into ventricles (S3) and atrial contraction (S4) are usually very ________________.
faint and not heard in health adult.
it is the hearts pacemaker
Sinoatrial (SA) node
is the junction of the atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) node
it spreads within the ventricle wall muscles
Purkinje fibers
Normal Heart rate range
60 - 100 bpm
a recording of electrical activity of heart using electrodes on surface of body.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
heart rate over 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
Its is the sequence of events that occurs during a heartbeat - a coordinated contraction and relaxation of chambers of heart
Cardiac Cycle
two basic phases of cardiac cycle
- contraction (systole) - blood pushed into adjacent chamber or arterial trunk
- relaxation (diastole) - chamber fills the blood
Average HR is
70 - 75 beats per minute
the amount of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
Preload
refers to resistance or opposition
after load
if pulmonary artery is narrowed then right ventricle needs to work hard to pump blood into pulmonary artery leading to heart sided failure called
Cor Pulmonale
Afterload can be altered by drugs? T or F
True
Percentage of blood pumped is called
Ejection fraction
Stroke volume can be change by two ways
- Startling’s Law
2. inotropic Effect
states that the greater the volume of blood entering the heart during diastole (end-diastolic volume), the greater the volume of blood ejected during systolic contraction (stroke volume)
Starling’s Law of Heart
Second way of increasing Stroke Volume is to strengthen the force of contraction without stretching the heart fibres. done by stimulating sympathetic nerves with hormones and drugs
Inotropic Effect
the amount of blood pumped by left ventricles in one minute. depends on heart rate & stroke volume.
cardiac output
Body can adjust cardiac output to meet needs. Heart rate can increase by 250% and SV can double is called
Cardiac output adjustment
it carries blood away from the heart
arteries and arterioles
exchanges between tissues and blood
capillary beds
returns blood towards the heart
venules and veins
It transport blood to the tissues and back
the Vascular system
it carries blood to and from lungs
pulmonary circuit
transport blood to and from rest of body
systemic circuit
blood leaves the heart in arteries
efferent vessels
blood returns to heart in veins
afferent vessels
thin walls allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products. only blood vessels to allow between blood and interstitial fluid
capillaries
mechanisms to maintain flow in veins against gravity
- valves
- contraction of skeletal muscles
- respiratory pump
systemic viens contains ____% of total blood volume
64%
What are the arteries in the body
- Elastic arteries
- Muscular arteries
- Arterioles
large vessels transporting blood away from heart include pulmonary trunk, aorta, and branches. it is capable of stretching and recoiling
elastic arteries
medium-sized arteries. it distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
muscular arteries
Capillaries thin walls allow for easy ________
diffusion
Capillaries pores allow exchange of ____ & _____
water and solutes
It is a circulatory circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricles to lungs, returns oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Pulmonary Circuit
It is a circulatory circuit that transport oxygenated blood to all organs and tissues. returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Systemic Circuit
it is the largest artery in the body.
Aorta
branches of aorta
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- descending aorta
in thoracic cavity, these artery supplying brain and spinal cord branches off the subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
the vertebral artery after passing superior border of first rib, subclavian, becomes:
Axillary artery
When axillary artery enters the arms, its called the
Brachial Artery
In the forearm, the brachial artery branches into
- Radial Artery
2. Ulnar Artery
Radial and ulnar arteries fuse to form arteries supplying the _____
hand
common _________ arteries supply blood to face, neck, and brain
carotid
carotid sinus at base of carotid artery contains ____________ detecting blood pressure
baroreceptors
vertebral arteries fuse to form ________ artery at ventral surface of medulla oblongata
Basilar Artery
Descending Aorta is divided by diaphragm into __________ & ____________
- Thoracic Aorta
2. Abdominal Aorta
Supplying liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, spleen, and pancreas
Celiac Trunk
Supplying pancreas, duodenum, small and large intestines
Superior mesenteric artery
Supplying terminal portions of colon and rectum
Inferior mesenteric artery
abdominal aorta splits into right and left common _________ arteries supplying pelvic organs, medial thigh
iliac arteries
As it enters lower limb, iliac artery becomes _________ artery supplying anterior and lateral skin and deep muscles of thigh
femoral artery
femoral artery becomes _________ artery posterior to knee joint
popliteal artery
popliteal artery branching into _________ & _______ arteries. These arteries feed the lower legs and branch into smaller arteries feeding the feet.
posterior and anterior tibial arteries
two sets of peripheral veins
- one deep
2. one superficial
hot weather, venous blood in superficial veins to allow __________.
cold weather, venous blood in deep veins minimizes __________.
heat loss
Blood drains from thorax into _____________
superior vena cava
Blood from areas inferior to diaphragm drains into ___________
inferior vena cava
Veins of the neck draining into the superior vena cava include: ______ & _________
- jugular vein - from structures of head and neck
2. vertebral vein - from cervical spinal cord, posterior surface of skull
from veins in the fingers, blood drains into: _______ & ________
- ulnar vein
- radial vein
which drain into: cephalic, brachial & basilica vien
ulnar and radial vein merge to form ____
brachial vein
brachial and basilic vein merge to form _____
axillary vein
axillary vein merges with cephalic to form ______
subclavian vein
subclavian veins merge with jugular veins to form ______
brachiocephalic vein
right and left brachiocephalic veins merge to form _______
superior vena cava
is formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein (digestive organs, spleen, pancreas)
hepatic portal circulation
Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the _______, where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation via the inferior vena cava
liver
Hepatic portal vein formed by fusion of:
- superior mesenteric vein
- inferior mesenteric vein
- splenic vein
Lower Limb Blood Drainage
Anterior portion of lower limb drain into the tibial, fibular, popliteal and small saphenous veins»_space;these merge into femoral vein also drains anterior thigh
Great Saphenous vein drains posterior thigh
-joins femoral vein at pelvic girdle
Femora vein becomes iliac vein in pelvic cavity
Veins Draining into the Inferior Vena Cava
Lumbar vein drain spinal cord and muscles of body wall
Gonadal veins
- ovarian veins drain ovaries
- testicular veins drain testes
Hepatic vein drain sinusoids (channel) of liver
Renal Vein collect blood from kidney
Adrenal vein drain adrenal glands
