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Human Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 12: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Regulates aspects of homeostasis

A 
🔹blood vol / blood pressure 
🔹electrolytes 
🔹acid-base balance in blood
🔹red blood cell production (EPO)
🔹activation of vit.D
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2
Q

Elimination of waste products

A

🔹nitrogenous wastes
🔹Toxins
🔹Drugs

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3
Q

Roles of elimination of wastes?

A

🔘lungs (C02/H20)
🔘sweat glands (N2, H20, electrolytes)
🔘digestive system ( bile, minerals)
🔘kidney (have most responsibility)

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4
Q

Organs of the Urinary System

A

🔘kidneys
🔘ureters
🔘urinary bladder
🔘urethra

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5
Q

kidney located against the dorsal body wall

A

Retroperitonial

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6
Q

Kidney at the level of the

A

🔘T12 to L3 vertebrates

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7
Q

Kidney anchored to surrounding structures by ___________

Right kidney slightly lower than left due to __________

A

🔘 renal fascia

🔘 liver

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8
Q

In the middle of each kidney is a indentation called:

A

🔘 renal hilum

👁‍🗨at site of HILUM (the ureters, renalblood vessels & nerves (parasympathetic) enters and exit the kidney

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9
Q

Atop each kidney are the:

A

Adrenal Glands

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10
Q

Coverings of the kidneys:

A

1️⃣fibrous capsule - surrounds each kidney
2️⃣perirenal fat capsule - surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
3️⃣renal fascia - outermost capsule that helps hold the kidney and adrenal gland in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

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11
Q

Regions of the kidneys:

A
  1. Renal Cortex 🔹outermost region
  2. Renal Medulla 🔹deep to the cortex
    🔘renal (medullary) pyramids
    🔘 renal columns - extensions of cortex-like materials that separate the pyramid
  3. Renal Pelvis 🔹 inner flat, funnel shape
    🔘Calyces - cup-shaped structures towards the renal pelvis
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12
Q

____________ of Total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute

A

One-quarter (1/4)

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13
Q

Renal artery provide each kidney with _______ blood supply

A

Arterial

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14
Q

Blood Flow in the Kidneys:

A

Aorta➡️renal artery➡️segmental artery➡️interlobar artery➡️arcuate artery➡️cortical radiate artery➡️afferent arteriole⤵️
Glomerulus ⤵️
Efferent arteriole ➡️peritubular capillaries➡️cortical radiate vein➡️Arcuate vein➡️Interlobar vein➡️Renal vein➡️Inferior vena cava

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15
Q

Each kidney contains ________ of nephron. (Cannot be replaced when damaged)

A

Millions

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16
Q

____________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys. Responsible for forming the urine.

Consists of a glomerulus and glomerular capsule

A

Nephrons

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17
Q

Main structures of the nephrons:

A
  1. Renal corpuscles (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule)

2. Renal tubules

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18
Q

Renal tubules extends from _______ _______ and ends when it empties into the ________ _____

A

🔘 glomerular capsule

🔘 collecting ducts

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19
Q

The subdivision of the renal tubules are:

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubele (PCT)
  2. Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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20
Q

Circulation to a Nephron:

A

Start: afferent ➡️ efferent ➡️ peritubular capillaries

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21
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron are:

A

🔘 Proximal Convoluted Tubule
🔘 glomerulus
🔘 distal Convoluted Tubule

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22
Q

Nephron is composed of:

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  3. Nephron Loop
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule
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23
Q

_________ is a specialized capillary bed which is fed by arterioles from renal artery 🔜sits within Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule

Keeps the blood at high pressure to force fluids/so lures (smaller than proteins) out of blood into the glomerulus.

A

Glomerulos

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24
Q

🔘arise from the efferent arteriolar of the glomerulus
🔘normal, low-pressure, porous capillaries
🔘adapted for absorption instead of filtration
🔘cling close to the renal tubule to reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from collecting tubes

A

Peritubular capillary beds

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25
Q 
🔘. Collects filtrate from the glomerulus 
🔘 consists of a continuous tube:
      1. Bowmans capsule
      2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule 
      3. Loop of Henle
      4.  Distal Convoluted Tubule 
      5.  Collecting Tubule
A

Renal Tubules

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26
Q

Not part of Nephron!

A

Collecting System

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27
Q

Carries tubular fluid through renal Medulla towards renal pelvis and ureters

A

Collecting duct

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28
Q

Types of Nephrons

A
  1. Cortical Nephron - 85%

2. Juxtamedullary nephrons - 15%

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29
Q

Located entirely in the cortex

A

Cortical Nephron

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30
Q

🔘Found at the boundary of the cortex and Medulla
🔘long Nephron loops extending deep into renal Medulla
🔘most important: essential for conserving water (regulating water balance) and concentrating urine

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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31
Q

Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal Tubule.

*protein and blood cells are normally too large to pass through the Filtration membrane

A

Glomerular Filtration

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32
Q

Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ion are transported out of the filtrate into the Tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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33
Q

Creating, and drugs are removed from peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate

A

Tubular Secretion

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34
Q

Each kidney has about ____ million Nephron

A

1.25

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35
Q

Both cortical and juxtamedullary Nephrons inner acted by:

A

Renal Nerves

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36
Q

Most Renal nerve fibres are sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves?

A

Sympathetic nerves
🔘 adjust blood flow and blood pressure at glomeruli
🔘 stimulates release of Renin

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37
Q

Urine Formation occurs through 3 steps:

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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38
Q

Urinary system maintains homeostasis by regulating:

A

🔘Volume and composition of blood

🔘also excrete solutes, especially nitrogenous wastes:
✔️urea
✔️creatinine
✔️ Uric acid

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39
Q

Produced by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown (amino acid catabolism).

50% reabsorb but remainder is excreted in urine.

A

Urea

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40
Q

Low level of urea indicate:

A

🔘 malnutrition (inadequate protein in the diet)

🔘 kidney dysfunction

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41
Q

High level of urea indicate:

A

🔘 excessive protein intake

🔘 increased protein breakdown in the body

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42
Q

Produced from the breakdown of the body’s cells and food (DNA, RNA)

Completely reabsorbed. About 10% of the reabsorbed ends up in urine bcoz it is so created in the renal tubules

A

Uric Acid

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43
Q

🔘 Breakdown product of creatine, w/c is an important part of muscle energy supplies

A

Creatinine

✔️kidneys maintain the blood creatinine in a normal range

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44
Q

Three (3) processes in Urine Formation

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
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45
Q

In the Renal corpuscle, Filtration produces ______L/day of filtrate

A

180 L/day

🔘BV is 5L

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46
Q

If arterial blood pressure is __________, filtrate formation stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate

A

too low

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47
Q

Allows most of the glomerular filtrate to move from tubules 🔜 peritubular capillaries 🔜 back into circulation

A

Tubular Reabsorption

48
Q

Useful substances reabsorbed:

A

✔️water
✔️glucose
✔️amino acids
✔️ions

49
Q

Most Reabsorption occurs in the _____

⚪️some Reabsorption is passive, most is active

A

PCT

50
Q

Part of kidney where microvilli is present and highly infolded plasma membrane

A

PCT

51
Q

✔️Most Reabsorption occurs here, retrieving:
⚪️60-70% water (108-116L/day)
⚪️ 99-100% organic substrates
⚪️ 60-70% sodium and chloride ions

✔️nitrogenous products are poorly reabsorbed

A

PCT

52
Q

⚪️ reabsorbs 25% water (45L/day)
⚪️ reabsorbs 20-25% sodium and chloride ions
🔘creates concentration gradient in renal Medulla

A

Nephron Loop

53
Q

🔃Reabsorbs variable amt. of sodium ions -influenced by aldosterone
🔃Reabsorbs variable amount of water -influenced by ADH
⚪️usually 5% (9L/day)

A

DCT

54
Q

🔃 Reabsorbs variable amounts of water - influenced by ADH
⚪️ Usually 9% (16.8L/day)

🔃 Reabsorbs variable amounts of sodium ions - influenced by aldosterone

A

Collecting System

55
Q

It increases production of urine

These drugs block resorption of Na back into the Renal Tubules (blood circulation) - if Na+ blocked then H20 will not follow

A

Diuretics

56
Q

Some materials move from PCT into the Renals Tubules such as:

A

✔️ hydrogen and potassium ion

✔️ creatinine

57
Q

Reabsorption in reverse is important process for getting rid of substances not already in filtrate such as:

A

✔️ Drugs
✔️ excess ions
✔️maintaining acid-base balance

58
Q

BP has drastic effect on Filtration:

A

Normal BP: normal Filtration will take place

Low BP: (ex. shock) pressure differential is not great enough to cause Filtration 🔜 results in low urine production

59
Q

___________ complex will releases renin when glomerular blood pressure falls

A

Juxtaglomerular

60
Q

________ __________ is your glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. 1st step of urine production.

A

Renal Corpuscle

61
Q

Renal Tubules is close to PCT

Further to DCT

A

Renal Tubules

62
Q

Resp. Of filtering blood

Provide ATP

A

Peritubular capillaries

63
Q

When ⬇️BV and ⬇️ SV causes

A

Dehydration

64
Q

Untreated ⬆️BP

A

Urine has protein

65
Q

High blood glucose can damage the:

A

Nephron

66
Q

Infection can scar ________; Nephron gets destroyed eventually

A

Glomerulus

67
Q

⬆️BP , ⬆️Filtration

A

Why pee when you have to take test

68
Q

3L of Plasma gets pass thru filtrate 60x a day.

A

Filters 180L/day and reabsorbs 170L/day

Thus: urine is 1.5 L/days

69
Q

Chronic, very dilute urine with low specific gravity indicates

A

Diabetes insipidus

70
Q

Blood leaving an afferent arteriolar would enter _____?

A

Glomerulus

71
Q

Indicate the correct order in w/c the filtrate flows thru the ff-ing structures of the nephron.

A

Glomerular capsule ➡️ PCT ➡️ Loop of Henle ➡️ DCT ➡️ collecting duct

72
Q

_______ is the congenital condition in which the urethr opens on the ventral side of the penis.

A

Hypospadias

73
Q

It regulates blood pressure

A

Renin

74
Q

Renal blood vessels

A

Abdominal aorta ➡️ renal arteries ➡️ interlobar arteries ➡️ arcuate arteries ➡️ interlobular arteries ➡️ afferent arterioles ➡️ nephron

75
Q

What are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

Visceral and parietal layer

Podocytes are located in the visceral

76
Q

Collecting duct empties into a _____

A

Minor calyx

77
Q

Blood supply of a Nephron:

A

Blood ➡️ accede the arteriole ➡️ glomerulus ➡️ efferent arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries

78
Q

Location of peritubular capillary system?

A

Located around the renal tubules

79
Q

_______ are capillary loops that are closely associated with juxtamedullary nephrons.

It’s countercurrent mechanism helps maintain the NaCl concentration in the medulla

A

Vasa Recta

80
Q

Blood leaves the peritubular capillary system through the _______

A

venous system of the kidney

81
Q

The 3 processes involved in urine formation are:

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
82
Q

In glomerular filtration _____ is filtered

A

Blood plasma

83
Q

The main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the _______ of the blood inside.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

84
Q

The factors that affect glomerular filtration are :

A
  1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  2. Glomerular plasma osmotic pressure
  3. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule
85
Q

Normally the most factor influencing net filtration pressure and GFR is____

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

86
Q

If the afferent arteriolar constricts, net filtration pressure ⬇️ decreases and filtration rate ⬇️ drops

A

If the efferent arteriolar constricts, net filtration pressure ⬆️ increases and the filtration rate ⬆️ rises

87
Q

Factors that can change hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule are ______ in the glomerular capsule.

A

Obstruction

88
Q

If hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule becomes too high, net filtration pressure will ______

A

⬇️ decrease

89
Q

Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to stimulation from ______ and ______

A

sympathetic nerves and pressure-sensitive cells

Renal baroreceptor detect pressure

90
Q

The effects of angiotensin II are:

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. ⬆️ increased aldosterone secretion
  3. ⬆️ increased ADH secretion
  4. ⬆️ increased thirst
91
Q

Active tubular reabsorption requires___

A

ATP

92
Q

The _______ in the PCT function to greatly ⬆️ increase the surface area exposed to the glomerular filtrate and enhanced reabsorption.

A

Microvilli

93
Q

If the glucose concentration reaches a point where active transport can no longer handle it. It is said to have reached its ____ _____

A

Renal plasma threshold

94
Q

_____is an ⬆️ increase in urine volume

A

Diuresis

95
Q

______ ______is when non reabsorbed Glo use in the tubular fluid draws water into the renal tubules by osmosis, thus increasing urine volume

A

Osmotic diuresis

96
Q

Much of the Na reabsorption occurs in proximal segment of the renal tubule by active transport

A

When Na ions move thru the tubular wall, (-) negatively charged ions move with them

97
Q

About _____% of water and Na may be reabsorbed before urine is excreted.

A

70%

98
Q

Two hormones that affect sodium and water reabsorption are:

A
  1. ADH

2. Aldosterone

99
Q

Urine forms as a result of :

A

Glomerular filtration of materials from blood plasma

Reabsorption of substances

Secretion of substances

100
Q

Chloride ions are reabsorb in the ____ limb and sodium ions follow the chloride ions

A

Ascending

101
Q

Tubular fluid in the ascending limb becomes _________ as it loses water and gain NaCl

A

Hypotonic

102
Q

Water leaves the descending limb by _______ and NaCl enters the descending limb by _______.

A

Osmosis

Diffusion

103
Q

______ is normally composed of water, urea, Uric acid, creatinine, trace amounts of aa and various electrolytes

A

Urine

104
Q

The trigone of the bladder consists of the:

A

Opening of the urethra

two openings of the ureters

105
Q

The muscles that contract during micturition are the ____

A
  1. Detrusor muscle
  2. abdominal wall muscles
  3. pelvic floor muscles
  4. diaphragm
106
Q

Micturition is usually under ________ control bcoz the external urethral sphincter is under ______ control.

A

Voluntary

107
Q

The micturition reflex is located in the _____ of the spinal cord

A

Sacral portion

108
Q

Common reason for incontinence are __________ in the bladder, urethra, and ureters and the atrophy of bladder sphincters.

In males, enlarged prostate may lead to incontinence.

A

Loss of muscle tone

109
Q

__________ catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

110
Q

Albumin is a protein w/c is not filtered through the glomerulus and therefore cannot cross its capillaries

A

….

111
Q

Name the vessels the blood passes through as it travels from renal artery to the renal vein

A

Renal artery ➡️ interlobar arteries ➡️ arciform (arcuate) arteries ➡️ afferent arterioles ➡️ efferent arterioles ➡️ peritubular capillaries ➡️ interlobar veins ➡️ arciform (arcuate) veins ➡️ interlobar veins ➡️ renal veins

112
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be controlled by the ____

A

Renin-angiotensin system, which controls sodium excretion,

113
Q

Micturition reflex involves the contraction of the ______ muscle and relaxation of the _____ _____ sphincter.

Bladder signal the micturition reflex center in the spinal cord to send a motor impulse along the parasympathetic nerves to the detrusor muscle

A

Detrusor muscle

External urethral sphincter

114
Q

The target of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _________

A

Adrenal cortex

✔️Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

115
Q

Where does ADH have its greatest effect?

A

DCT

116
Q

Most small proteins are reabsorbed by____

A

Pinocytosis

117
Q

__________ _____ sense changes in blood pressure and act with the sympathetic nervous system to cause juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin when pressure drops

A

Renal baroreceptors

Human Anatomy & Physiology II (11 decks)

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