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Human Anatomy > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most basic function of the respiratory system?

A

Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.

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2
Q

What are the four processes involved in respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation/breathing
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gases
Internal respiration

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood.

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4
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between the blood and tissues.

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5
Q

What does the URT consist of?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

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6
Q

What does the LRT consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, lungs and alveoli

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7
Q

What is the only externally visible part of the RS?

A

the nose

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8
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A 
Provide an airway for respiration
Moisten and heat up air
Filter inhaled air
Serve as a resonating chamber for speech
Houses olfactory receptors
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9
Q

Why do men have larger noses?

A

Need more oxygen since they have more muscle mass

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10
Q

Why are our noses smaller than our ancestors?

A

We isnt as big as they wuz and shit

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11
Q

The nose also _______ _____ when expiring to reuse for the next breath in.

A

reclaims heat

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12
Q

Nasal cavity
Divided by the _____ _______
continuous with the _________
Bony swelling or ______ on lateral walls subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into passageways called _______

A

nasal septum
nasopharynx
conchae
meatuses

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13
Q

What do meatuses do?

A

act to increase the contact between the nasal mucosa and inspired air
Increase surface area for filtering, heating and moistening air

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14
Q

What are the two types of mucous membranes in the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

Describe the olfactory mucosa.

A 
Near roof of nasal cavity.
Houses olfactory (Smell) receptors
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16
Q 
Describe the respiratory mucosa.
What does it line?
What tissue type?
What cells are here?
How is contaminated mucus expelled?
A

Lines nasal cavity
Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Goblet cells within epithelium
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly

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17
Q

What does the pharynx connect?

A

Connects nasal cavity and the mouth to the larynx and esophagus.

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18
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx? Where are they located?

A

Nasopharynx - behind the nose
Oropharynx - behind the mouth
Laryngopharynx - area directly behind the larynx

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19
Q

Nasopharynx
- _______ to the point where food enters
- Closed off during swallowing by the _____
Consists of this tissue type.
Has ________ _______ (aka _______) that destroy entering pathogens from air
Contains the opening to the _______ tube
- _______ ______ is just posterior to this opening
- - Provides the ear with some ________ from ________

A 
Superior
uvula
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids)
auditory
Tubal tonsil
protection against infection
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20
Q

Enlarged _______ can cause snoring

A

adenoids

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21
Q

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are both shared passageways for _____ and ____.
This means that they have this type of epithelium.

A

Food
air
Stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

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22
Q

What are the tonsils int the oropharynx?

A

Palatine tonsils

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23
Q

The uvula prevents us from doing two things at once. These are?

A

Breathing and swallowing

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24
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

Voice production
Provides an open airway
Routes air and food into the proper channels

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25
Q

When is the superior opening of the larynx closed?
When is it open?
What closes it off?

A

Closed during swallowing
Open during breathing
Epiglottis will close it off, diverts food to esophagus

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26
Q

What is the epithelium of the larynx?

A

Upper portion is non-keratinized stratified squamous

bottom portion is pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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27
Q

The larynx is also called what?

A

Voice box

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28
Q

Describe the act of swallowing in the larynx.

A

Act of swallowing pushes the largyngeal prominence, raises the epiglottis, tipping it back and forcing food into the esophagus.

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29
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A

Adam’s apple

30
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
Cricoid cartilage
Pair of arytenoid cartilages

31
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Forms anterior wall of larynx and laryngeal prominence.

32
Q

What cartilage is the epiglottis made out of?

A

Elastic cartilage

33
Q

What are the vocal ligaments of the larynx?

A

Vocal folds

Vestibular/ventricular folds

34
Q

What are the roles of the vocal ligaments?

A

Vocal folds act in sound production, vestibular folds do not.

35
Q

Describe voice production.

A

Vocal folds vibrate across each other to produce sounds.
Length of the vocal folds change with pitch.
- shorter cords vibrate faster, longer chords vibrate slower
Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds.

36
Q

Why do men’s voices get deeper?

A

laryngeal prominence moves more anteriorly and stretches out the vocal cords, making them longer

37
Q

What is voice cracking?

A

Body’s attempt to gain unconscious control of length, body getting used to slower vibrations.

38
Q

How does voice get louder?

A

Air going across the vocal chords faster.

Slower for whispering.

39
Q

Describe laryngitis.

A

Infection from a bad cold stimulates inflammation of the larynx causing vocal cords to swell and the voice to become hoarse.

40
Q

Hoarseness of the voice can also be caused by?

A

overuse of voice
growths on vocal chords
irritants
paralysis of some laryngeal muscles

41
Q

How can babies drink and breathe at the same time?

A

in babies, the epiglottis comes into contact with the soft palate, allowing air to enter the trachea at the same time milk enters the esophagus.

42
Q

Trachea
Descends into the _______ from the ______
Located ______ to the esophagus
Commonly known as the _______
C-shaped ________ rings keep the airway open

A

Mediastinum, larynx
anterior
windpipe
cartilage

43
Q

What is the carina?

A

Marks where trachea divides into the two primary bronchi

Cough reflex originates here

44
Q

What are the layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia.

45
Q

What is the mucosa of the trachea composed of?

The submucosa?

A

Mucosa - pseudostratified columnar epithelium and goblet cells
submucosa - areolar CT

46
Q

What are the trachea rings made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

47
Q

What does the adventitia do for the trachea?

A

binds it to other organs/tissues

48
Q

What is the trachealis muscle?

A

regulates the diameter of the trachea to maintain efficient air flow and to expel irritants

49
Q

Why is it a good idea to have incomplete cartilage rings?

A

esophagus is generally collapsed but, when it expands due to food, wouldn’t be able to expand unless the rings are C-shaped

50
Q

What are the two respiratory zones?

A

Conducting zone - getting to the lungs

Respiratory zone - gas exchange, deep within the lungs

51
Q

What structures are in the conducting zone? What is the general function?

A

From the nose to the terminal bronchioles.

Function is to filter, warm, moisten the air and conduct it to the lungs

52
Q

What structures comprise the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

53
Q

Describe the changes in tissue composition along the conducting pathway.

A

Cartilage:
C-shaped rings are replaced with irregular cartilage plates
No hyaline cartilage deeper

Epithelium:
Starts off pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Replaced with ciliated simple columnar
Ends with non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

As cartilage decreases, smooth muscle gets more important - bronchodilation and constriction

54
Q

Structures of the respiratory zone:
- Consists of air-exchanging structures called _______
________ bronchioles branch off of ________ bronchioles and lead to _______ _____ which then lead to ________ ______.

A 
alveoli
respiratory
terminal
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
55
Q

What do alveoli consist of?

A

Type 1 squamous epithelial cells and basal laminae

Type 2 cuboidal epithelial cells

56
Q

What do alveolar type 1 cells do?

Type 2?

A

Type 1 - main site of gas exchange

Type 2 - secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension within the alveoli, preventing it from collapsing upon exhalation

57
Q

Why do premature babies have issues breathing?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells aren’t fully developed

58
Q

What are the different layers in terminal bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle - control size

Elastic fibres - allow alveoli to stretch

59
Q 
Alveoli:
Each alveolus has a tiny \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ associated with it
Considered the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane
Made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (tissue)
\_\_\_\_ cells thick
Have associated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
capillary bed
respiratory
endothelium
2
macrophages
60
Q

What is sighing?

A

Life-sustaining reflex

- brain stem checking in with respiratory system

61
Q

What muscles are used for forceful expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

62
Q

Inhalers function as what?

A

Bronchodilaters

63
Q

What are hiccups?

A

Diaphragmatic spasm causind a sudden inhalation that is interrupted by a spasmodic closure of the epiglottis, producing a noise

64
Q

Describe the pleurae.

A

Double-layered sac surrounding each lung: parietal and visceral
Pleural cavity is the resulting space.
Pleurae help divide the thoracic cavity - mediastinum

65
Q

What is important about the pleural cavity?

A

Has serous fluid which lubricates and reduces friction and creates a vaccuum, essential to allow the lungs to expand and contract

66
Q

When does a pneumothorax occur?

A

When the vacuum of the lungs is gone, air enters the pleural space.
Lung immediately deflates.

67
Q

What are the major landmarks of the lungs?

A

Apex, root, hilum, base

68
Q

What is the hilum?

What is the root?

A

Hilum is area where the blood vessels exit, root is the collection of these vessels.

69
Q

Why is smoking so bad?
In your answer include:
nicotine, carbon monoxide, irritants and carcinogens as well as emphysema

A

Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles.
Carbon monoxide binds to Hb.
Irritants cause excess mucus production, inhibit cilia movement and depress macrophage activity

In time, elastic fibres in the lungs are destroyed leading to emphysema

Carcinogens lead to lung cancer by preventing normal cell death/repair

70
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Loss of lung elasticity

Trapping of air in alveoli and destruction of the alveoli

71
Q

What is the density of a cancerous long compared to a normal one?

A

More dense for the cancerous one

Human Anatomy (53 decks)

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