Human Anatomy Midterm Review Flashcards
Describe the importance of a standard anatomical position.
A standard anatomical position is a universal position or common point of reference for all who study the human body.
It allows all who study the body to discuss the parts of the body within the same frame of reference and experience.
What is the standard anatomical position?
The person is:
- standing upright
- facing the observer
- feet flat on the floor
- arms to the sides
- palms turned and facing forward (supinated)
What are the major planes and what type of section do they produce?
The major planes are:
Sagittal Plane, Frontal Plane, Transverse plane/Horizontal/Cross-sectional
The sagittal plane produces left and right sections.
The frontal plane produces anterior and posterior sections.
The transverse plane produces superior and inferior sections.
Parasagittal - uneven sections
Midsaggital/median - even halves
Describe the structure of a serous membrane. Identify the location of the 3 serous membranes of the body.
Serous membranes are thin membranes that line body cavities not open to the outside (ventral body cavities).
Composed of simple squamous epithelium called the mesothelium.
Serous membranes are composed of two continuous layers; the parietal and visceral layer.
The parietal layer lines the walls of cavities.
The visceral layer covers the viscera within these cavities.
The serous fluid in the space between the two layers reduces friction and allows the membranes to slide past each other.
Location:
Pleural cavity
- Parietal pleura - lines the thoracic cavity
- Visceral pleura - covers the lungs
Pericardial cavity
- Parietal pericardium - lines the pericardial sac
- Visceral pericardium - covers the heart
Peritoneal cavity
- Parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal wall
- Visceral peritoneum - covers the abdominal viscera
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Epithelial tissue is classified by the number of layers, simple (1 layer) or stratified (2 or more layers) and, by the shape of the cells constituting the epithelium. These can be squamous, cuboidal or columnar.
The first name designates the number of layers, the second name designates the cell shape.
Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube shape
Columnar - column shaped
Furthermore, when it comes to stratified epithelia, the second name is based on the cell type on the superficial surface.
Finally, stratified can also be keratinized or non-keratinized, indicated at the beginning of the name.
Name the 6 special characteristics of epithelial tissue.
1 - Highly cellular 2 - Overlying connective tissue 3 - Avascular but innervated 4 - High capacity for regeneration 5 - Polarity 6 - Specialized contacts
Contrast simple epithelia with stratified epithelia.
Differences:
Simple epithelium consists of only a single layer of cells, stratified epithelia is composed of multiple layers, 2 or more.
Simple epithelium has a function more suited for filtration, diffusion, lining viscera, secretion and absorption and propelling substances across membranes.
-Stratified epithelium has a function more suited for protection.
Stratified epithelia is more durable than simple epithelia
Simple epithelium is found lining the alveoli, as mesothelium and endothelium.
Stratified epithelium is found in locations subject to abrasion.
All the cells of simple epithelia are attached to the basement membrane
- Only the basal cells of stratified epithelia are attached to the basement membrane
All the cells of simple epithelium are the same (usually)
- Cells can be different throughout stratified epithelia
Why is areolar connective tissue considered to be the main battlefield in the fight against infection?
Areolar connective tissue underlies all epithelial tissue and is thus the first line of defense between the epithelial tissue and the blood stream.
Furthermore, areolar connective tissue contains multiple cells involved in immunity, including macrophages, WBC’s and mast cells of the inflammation response.
Moreover, they contain all three fibre types (collagen, elastic, reticular) which function as a mesh to slow down the travel of invading microbes.
Compare and contrast dense regular and dense irregular CT.
Similarities (Compare):
Both derive from a similar embryonic origin (mesenchyme)
Both are a subset of CTP; Both are dense connective tissues.
Both contain fibroblasts and some elastic fibres
Both are connective tissues and thus are composed mostly of ECM rather than cells
Both are primarily composed of collagen fibres
Differences (Contrast):
Dense regular connective tissue consists of collagen fibres primarily arranged parallel to each other.
Dense irregular connective tissue on the other hand has collagen fibres arranged in perpendicular irregular arrangements.
Dense regular connective tissue is adapted to handle stress in only one direction
Dense irregular CT is adapted to handle tension in multiple directions.
Dense regular CT is poorly vascularized.
Dense irregular CT is vascularized.
Dense regular CT is found in ligaments and fascia.
Dense irregular CT is found in articular capsules.
Both have fibroblasts and some elastic fibres.
What do the 3 types of cartilage have in common? Name 1 location in the body where each would be found.
The three types of cartilage are: Fibrocartilage, Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage.
They have the following in common:
- ECM is composed mostly of water (60-80%)
- Ground substance is gel-like
- Firm, flexible tissue
- Avascular and non-innervated
- Cell types are chondrocytes and chondroblasts
Fibrocartilage - pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Elastic cartilage - pinna of ear, epiglottis
Hyaline cartilage - articular cartilage, fetal skeleton
What type of CT underlies the epithelia in a mucous membrane? What is its specific name?
Areolar connective tissue.
Specifically named: lamina propria
Name the five strata in the epidermis, from top to bottom.
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
Describe, in detail, the stratum corneum.
23-30 cell layers thick of flat, dead keratinocytes filled with keratin
Cells are continuously shed
Topmost layer of skin
Protects the skin against abrasion and penetration
Describe, in detail, the stratum lucidum.
Composed of a few layers of flat, dead keratinocytes.
Only present in thick skin of the soles of the feet and palms of the hands.
See through under microscope.
Describe, in detail, the stratum granulosum.
1-5 cell layers of flat, dying keratinocytes
Third deepest skin strata
Contains lamellar granules that release waterproofing glycolipid