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Human Anatomy > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

ALS attacks what?

MS attacks what?

A

ALS - motor neurons

MS - myelin

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2
Q

Where does reciprocal inhibition occur?

A

At the spinal cord level.

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3
Q

What are directional terms unique to the CNS and what do they mean?

A

Rostral - towards the nose

Caudal - towards the back

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4
Q 
Spinal cord:
Functions:
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ innervation
- Provides \_\_\_-way conduction pathway between body and brain
- major centre for \_\_\_\_\_\_

Location:

  • Runs through the ______ _____
  • Extends from the _______ ______ to the level of vertebra ___ or ___
A

Motor and sensory innervation
2 way
Reflexes

Vertebral canal
foramen magnum
L1 or L2

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5
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Where the spinal cord comes to an end

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6
Q

What is the filum terminale?

What does it prevent?

A

tiny, part of pia matter that anchors the spinal cord caudally or inferiorly
- anchors it to the sacrum/coccyx to prevent anterior/superior displacement

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7
Q

What are cervical/lumbar enlargements?

A

Nerves that supply upper/lower limbs

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8
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

When the spinal cord reaches the conus medullaris, lots of nerves splay out in the form of a horses tail

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9
Q

What does the gray matter of the spinal cord consist of?

A

Neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons.

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10
Q

How is the grey matter of the spinal cord divided?

A

Divided according to somatic and visceral regions.

SS
VS
VM
SM

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11
Q

Describe the white matter of the spinal cord.
What does it consist of?
What does it allow?

A

Composed of myleniated axons.

Allows communication between spinal cord and brain

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12
Q

Incoming sensory information comes in _______ to the spinal cord, outgoing motor information leaves ________.

A

dorsally

ventrally

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13
Q

What are the different things that protect the spinal cord?

A

CSF
Meninges
Vertebrae

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14
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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15
Q

Describe the dura mater.

What tissue type does it have?

A

Strongest, outermost, leathery layer surrounding spinal cord

Composed of dense fibrous CT.

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16
Q

Where is the arachnoid mater located?

A

Deep to the dura mater.

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17
Q

Describe the pia mater?
Where does it extend to?
What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Innermost layer
Delicate layer of CT
Extends to the coccyx
Denticulate ligaments - lateral extensions of the pia mater

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18
Q

Where is the CSF located in the meninges?

A

Subarachnoid space

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19
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A

Fat

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20
Q

What do the dendiculate ligaments do?

A

Anchor the spinal cord medially and laterally.

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21
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Brain stem (pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain)
Cerebellum

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22
Q

What are modifications to the brain to increase surface area?

A

Ridges and convolutions

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23
Q

Organization of the brain:

  • Centrally located ____ matter
  • Externally located _____ matter
  • Additional layer of _____ matter external to the ____ matter
  • _____ - outer layer of gray matter
    • Formed from neuronal ____ _____
    • Located in _______ and _________
A 
gray
white
gray
white
cortex
cell bodies
cerebrum
cerebellum
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24
Q

Cerebral cortex:

  • Home of our _______ mind
  • Composed of _____ matter
  • approx. ___% of brain’s mass
A

conscious
grey
40

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25
Q

Cerebrum:
- Divided into ________, accounts for __% of brain mass
– _____ - deep grooves, which separate major regions of the brain
— _______ ______ - separates cerebrum and cerebellum
— ________ ______ separates cerebral hemispheres
- _______ - shallow groove
- ______- raised area of the brain
- Deeper sulci divide the cerebrum into ______
- ______ are named for the skull bones overlying them. What are they?
______ lies deep in the lateral sulcus.

  • _______ sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes
A

hemispheres, 83%
fissures
transverse fissure
longitudinal fissure

sulcus/sulci
gyri/gyrus

lobes
lobes
- parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital

insula
central

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26
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

What does the transverse fissure separate?

A

Longitudinal - hemispheres

transverse - cerebrum and cerebellum

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27
Q

What is the central sulucs bordered by?

What cortices are located there?

A

Two major sulci:
Precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex
Postcentral gyrus - primary somatosensory cortex

28
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

What is it involved in?

A

Postcentral gyrus
Involved in spatial discrimination
Involved in conscious awareness of general somatic senses (touch, pressure, pain, etc.)

29
Q

Where are the special somatic senses located?

What are they?

A

Primary visual cortex - occipital
Primary auditory cortex - temporal
- Vestibular (eqb) cortex - insula

30
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

What is it involved in?

A

Precentral gyrus
Involved with controlling somatic motor functions
- (voluntary movements of skeletal muscle)

31
Q

Homunculus:
Sensory:
- amount of ________ cortex devoted to a body region is related to the sensitivity of that region (i.e. the _____ of ______ ______)
- most sensitive parts = what?

Motor:

  • amount of ______ cortex devoted to a body region is related to the ability to what?
  • most skilled and delicate parts are the what?
A

Sensory homunculus:
somatosensory
number of sensory receptors
- lips and fingertips

Motor homunculus:

  • motor
  • ability to perform precise, skilled movement = number of motor neurons
  • face and hand
32
Q

Why can chimps and apes perform large feats of strength but we cannot?

A

We have a neural limit to how many muscles we can use at once.

33
Q

Where does the somatosensory association cortex lie?

A

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

34
Q

Somatosensory association cortex:

  • _______ different sensory inputs into a comprehensive understanding of what is being felt:
  • _____ and ______
  • Draws upon stored ________ of past sensory experiences
    Provide an example of this.
A

Integrates - touch and pressure

memories

ex: feel keys and know what they are without seeing them

35
Q

Premotor cortex:
Location?
Function:
- ______ and ______ complex movements to relay to what?
Receives processed ______ information
- these include _____, _____ and general ______ sensory
- controls voluntary actions depending on ______ feedback about ______ relations.

A

Anterior to primary motor cortex or precentral gyrus
- Plans and coordinates - relay to primary motor cortex
receives processed sensory info
- including visual, auditory and general somatic sensory

sensory feedback - spatial relations

36
Q

The two hemispheres of the brain are _________.
Damage to the left side causes what?
Damage to the right side at the same area causes what?

A

Contralateral

left - aphasia - inability to use/comprehend words

right - speech without emotional inflection

37
Q

If you are left brain dominant, you are _____ handed.
What are characteristics of this?

What if you were right brain dominant?

A

left brain - right handed - analytical

right brain - left handed - creative

38
Q

Why is it better to be dominant on one side of the brain?

A

Don’t waste energy communicating with the other side - generally retarded if you do.

39
Q

Diencephalon:
- Surrounded by the cerebral _______ and borders the _____ ______
Composed of _____ matter and three paired structures. These are?

A

hemispheres
third ventricle
gray
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

40
Q

Thalamus

  • __% of the diencephalon
  • _____ impulses converge on the thalamus
  • Acts as a _____ _____ for incoming sensory messages
  • _____ part of the brain communicating with the cerebral cortex relays signals through the thalamus
A

80
sensory
relay station
every part

41
Q

The hypothalamus is the main ______ control center of the body
- ______ glands protrude inferiorly from here
Give two functions.

A

visceral
pituitary

Control of ANS
Regulation of body temperature

42
Q

Epithalamus

  • Forms part of the “roof” of the _____ ventricle
  • includes the _____ gland
    • secretes the hormone _______
  • – this gland is under the influence of the _______
  • _______ signals the body to prepare for sleep
A

third

pineal - melatonin - hypothalamus controlled - melatonin - sleep

43
Q

How is melatonin secreted?

A

Light stops hitting the optic nerve, triggers melatonin release preparing us for sleep.

44
Q

How does melatonin secretion get messed up?

A

Jet lag
blue light
up north with 6 months of light

45
Q

Brainstem
- passageway between the ________ and ______ ______
Produces automatic behaviours responsible for _______
Comprised of what structures?

A

cerebrum - spinal cord
survival
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

46
Q

What centres does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

cardiac, (vasomotor), respiratory

47
Q

What does the pons coordinate?

What two brain structures does it bridge?

A

voluntary movement

cerebellum and brainstem

48
Q

The midbrain relays information between what two CNS structures.
What reflexes does it integrate?
Which structures correspond to each?

A

cerebrum and spinal cord
visual, auditory
- visual - superior colliculi
- auditory - inferior colliculi

49
Q

Cerebellum
What are the two main structures? What matter are they composed of?

Functions to ______ body movements and maintain _____.
Also involved in _____ memory (the best kind of memory :)

A

Cortex - gray matter
arbor vitae - internal white matter

Functions - smooth out body movements and help maintain posture

muscle memory

50
Q

Why can’t you tickle yourself?

A

cerebellum integrates commands from cerebrum and is thus aware of actual actions to yourself.

51
Q

The brain is protected by what four components?

A

Skull
CSF
Meninges
BBB

52
Q

Meninges Functions:

  • Cover and protect the ____
  • Enclose and protect the ______ vessels that supply the CNS
  • contain the ____
A

CNS
blood
CSF

53
Q

The dura matter is the ______ of the meninges.

It is composed of two layers:

  • _______ layer - inner surface of skull bones
  • ______ layer - external covering of the brain
A

strongest
periosteal
meningeal

54
Q 
Arachnoid mater
- Located where?
- Subarachnoid space contains what and is located where?
What are arachnoid villi?
- where do they project?
- what do they allow?
A

Below dura matter (deep to)
CSF and between pia and arachnoid

Arachnoid villi

  • project through dura matter into sinuses
  • allow CSF to pass into the dural blood sinuses
55
Q

Pia mater

  • Delicate ____, which is _____ vascularized
  • Clings tightly to the surface of the _____
  • Follows all the _______ of the brain (ex: gyri, sulci, fissues)
A

CT, highly vascularized
brain
convolutions

56
Q

From the skin down, what are the layers of the brain?

A 
skin
periosteum
spongy bone of skull
periosteal layer of dura matter
meningeal layer of dura mater
arachnoid
subaracnoid
pia
57
Q

What are the different kinds of hematomas?

A

Epidural - dura matter rips away

Subdural - between dura and arachnoid

intercerebral hematoma

58
Q

What is the danger with brain hematomas

A

Swelling of brain with no place to go, leads to death of brain tissue

59
Q

Describe a concussion.

A

Hit head, brain slams against skull and recoils on the other side.
leads to bruising of brain

60
Q

What is the major issue with whiplash?

A

Tendons and ligaments of neck and back are overstretched, effects last a while.

61
Q

Why does punching a boy in the jaw make him get KO’d?

A

farther from the muscles that can brace

62
Q

Ventricles of the brain:

  • Expansions of the brain’s ______ cavity
  • lined with ______ cells
  • __________ with each other and with the ______ _______ of the spinal cord
A

central
ependymal
continuous - central canal

63
Q

CSF
- surrounds CNS in _______ space
Describe some fuctions.

A

subarachnoid

Nourishes CNS and removes wastes

64
Q

Where is the CSF formed?

Where is that located and what is it composed of?

A

choroid plexuses in the brain ventricles

  • located in all four ventricles
  • composed of ependymal cells and capillaries
65
Q

What does the CSF arise from?

A

arises from blood plasma through filtration from the capillaries and passes through the ependymal cells into the ventricles

66
Q

What does the BBB prevent from getting in?

What can get in?

A

Impermeable capillaires that prevent blood-borne toxins from getting in.

Allows nutrients and oxygen in, as well as nicotine and alcohol.

Human Anatomy (53 decks)

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