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Pathology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common causes of health care associated pneumonia?

A
  1. MRSA
  2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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2
Q

What are the most common causes of hospital acquired pneumonia?

A
  1. Gram-negative rods
    • Enterobacteriacae
    • Pseudomonas sp.
  2. Staph. aureus
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3
Q

What is the most likely cause of a single lung abcess in the right lung?

A

Aspiration

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4
Q

Genetic mutations in what structures lead to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A
  1. Telomerase
  2. Surfactant
  3. Mucous
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5
Q

What cytokine is responsible for lung injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

TGF beta

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6
Q

What is the histology associated with Non-specific interstitial pneumonia? What population is most affected? What is the prognosis?

A
  • Histology
    • Diffuse fibrosis
    • No fibroblastic foci (UIP), honeycombing, hyaline membranes, or granulomas
  • Population
    • Nonsmoking females
    • Most in 50’s
  • Prognosis
    • Cellular pattern is best
    • Both patterns better than UIP
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7
Q

What is the characteristic finding of Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia?

A

Polypoid plugs (Masson bodies) of organizing loose connective tissue in the lumen of alveolar ducts, alveoli, bronchioles

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8
Q

What mediators are released by macrophages in silicosis?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-18
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9
Q

Which drugs cause pneumonitis and fibrosis of the lung?

A
  • Bleomycin
  • Amiodarone
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10
Q

Which drugs cause Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

A
  • Methotrexate
  • Nitrofurantoin
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11
Q

Which drugs cause Bronchospasm?

A
  • Aspirin
  • Beta antagonists
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12
Q

What are the effects of radiation on the lung?

A
  • Acute radiation pneumonitis
    • Pleural effusions
    • Infiltrates
  • Chronic “
    • DAD
    • atypical and hyperplastic Type II pneumocytes
    • Foam cells in vesel walls
    • Epithelial cell atypia
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13
Q

What HLA genes are associated with sarcoidosis?

A

HLA-A1 and HLA-B8

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14
Q

What is the immune reaction to sarcoidosis?

A
  • Driven by CD4+ cells
  • Increased in Th1 cytokines
    • IL-2
    • INF-gamma
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15
Q

What causes Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia?

A

100% smoking

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16
Q

Mutation in which gene predisposes to pulmonary Langerhans Cell HIstiocytosis?

A

Activation mutations to serine/threonine kinase BRAF

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17
Q

Mutations to which gene cause hereditary PAP and immediate onset neonatal respiratory distress?

A

GM-CSF

Immature macrophages do not clear surfactant from alveoli, leading to accumulation

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18
Q

Mutations in which genes lead to surfactant dysfunction disorders? What is the pattern of inheritance for each?

A
  • ATP-binding casette protein member 3 (AR)
    • Most common
  • Surfactant protein C (AD)
  • Surfactant protein B (AR)
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19
Q

What is a common complication of Paraseptal Emphysema?

A
  • Bullous emphysema
    • Formation of cyst-like structures close to the pleura
    • Rupture can cause Pneumothorax
20
Q

What is the mechanism leading to drug induced asthma?

A
  • Decreased PGE2 production
  • Loss of inhibition of production of proinflammatory LTs
21
Q

What is the infecting organism in Bronchiectasis? COPD?

A
  • Bronchiectasis:
    • Haemophilus influenzae
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • COPD:
    • Haemophilus influenzae
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae
22
Q

What are the most common indications for lung transplantation?

A
  1. End stage emphysema
  2. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  3. Cystic fibrosis
  4. Idiopathic / Familial pulmonary arterial HTN
  5. Bronchiectasis
23
Q

What types of genes are mutated in Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

24
Q

What types of genes are mutated in Adenocarcinoma of the lung?

A

Growth factors or receptors

Gain of function mutations

(EGFR, ALK, KRAS)

25
Q

What genes are mutated in Small Cell Carcinoma of the lung?

A
  • TP53
  • RB1
  • Myc-N and Myc-L amplification
  • Chromosome 3p deletions
26
Q

What is the most common mutation in Small Cell Carcinoma of the lung?

A

Bcl-2

27
Q

What are the markers of mesothelioma?

A
  • Keratin proteins
    • calretinin
    • WT-1
    • Cytokeratin 5/6
    • D2-40
      *
28
Q

What cell markers are present in solitary fibrous tumor?

A

CD34+

(keratin negative, which differentiates them from malignant mesothelioma)

29
Q

Which HLA subtypes are found in Goodpasture Syndrome?

A

HLA-DRB1

30
Q

Germline mutation in which gene is associated with destructive pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

MyD88

(adaptor for TLRs important in NFkB activation

31
Q

Which bugs cause Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia?

A
  1. Staph aureus
  2. MRSA
  3. Strep pneumoniae
  4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
32
Q

Which bugs cause Hospital Acquired Pneumonia?

A
  1. Staph aureus (MRSA)
  2. Enterobacteriaceae
    • Klebsiella
    • Serratia marcescens
    • E. coli
  3. Pseudomonas
33
Q

Which bugs cause Aspiration Pneumonia?

A

Anaerobic oral flora

  1. Bacteroides
  2. Prevotella
  3. Fusobacterium
  4. Peptostreptococcus

Aerobes more common

34
Q

Which bugs cause Chronic Pneumonia?

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Acinomyces
  3. Granulomatous:
    1. TB
    2. Histoplasma capsulatum
    3. Coccidioides immitis
    4. Blastomyces dermatitidis
35
Q

What causes Pneumonia in the immunocompromised?

A
  1. CMV
  2. Pneumocystis jiroveci
  3. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
  4. Invasive aspergillosis
  5. Invasive candidiasis
36
Q

What is the most common cause of Community acquired pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumoniae

37
Q

What is the most common bacterial infection causing acute COPD exacerbations?

A

Haemophilus influenza

38
Q

Which bug causes pneumonia following viral respiratory infections? Which viruses are most common?

A
  • Bug:
    • S aureus
  • Viruses:
    • Children: measles, influenza
    • Adults: Influenza
39
Q

What is the most frequent cause of gram negative bacterial pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

  • Current jelly sputum
  • Common in malnourished or debilitated (aspiration)
40
Q

What is the most common cause of hospital acquired infections?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

41
Q

Who is most commonly affected by the Human Metapneumovirus?

A
  • Young children
  • Elderly
  • Imunocompromised
42
Q

How is Human Metapneumovirus diagnosed?

A

Reverse transcriptase PCR

43
Q

What are the most common causes of Health Care Associated Pneumonia?

A
  • MRSA
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
44
Q

Which bugs are most commonly associated with lung abscess?

A

Anaerobes of oral cavity

  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
  • Peptococcus
45
Q
A

Pathology (27 decks)

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