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Organ histology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q 
Oxygen and CO2 exchange
Olfaction 
Phonation
Defense
and Conditioning of air are all functions of what?
A

Respiratory system

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2
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

O2 and CO2 exchange

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3
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

Olfaction
Phonation
Defense
And conditioning of air

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4
Q

True or false; along with warming and moistening the air, conditioning of the air refers to filtration of large to small particulate

A

true

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5
Q

True or false; the conduction portion of the respiratory system transport air to the respiratory portion

A

true

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6
Q

The surface epithelium of the nasal vestibule is made up of what?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What kind of glands would you find in the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

sweat and sebaceous

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8
Q

What kind of cartilage makes up the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

hyaline

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9
Q

True or false; the mucociliary apparatus in the respiratory region of the nose filters medium size particulate

A

true

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10
Q

Where would you find seromucus glands in the nose?

A

lamina propria

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11
Q

The mucus portion of the serumucus glands of the nose functions to

A

humidify air

mucocililary clearance

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12
Q

The serous products produced by the seromucus glands of the nose act as a…

A

small particulate filter : Lysozyme (antibacterial) Interferons (antiviral) Cytokines (stimulate defense cells)

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13
Q

True or false; along with the seromucus glands, in the lamina propria of the nose you would expect to find a cavernous plexus with many large venules typically filled with blood

A

true

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14
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cavernous plexus in the lamina propria of the nose

A

Warm air
Humidify air
Provide defense (inflammation within lamina propria - stuffy nose - also increased blood -> increased O2 -> stimulate seromucus secretion -> runny nose)

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15
Q

True or false; the Paranasal sinuses are found in the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones; and connect to nasal cavity

A

true - connects through sinal ostia

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16
Q

Do the paranasal sinuses have a lamina propria?

A

yes; but is thin - has seromucus glands and quite vascular

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17
Q

What possible problem can arise due to small ostia connecting paranasal sinuses

A

inflammation can cause a blockage and subsequent sinus infection

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18
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (superior)
Oropharynx (middle)
Laryngopharynx (inferior)

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19
Q

What kind of cells cover the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the nasopharynx

A

Respiratory epithelium - Mucociliary clearance

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20
Q

What kind of cells cover the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

True or false; the whole respiratory system has no muscularis mucosa

A

true

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22
Q

What would you expect to find in the lamina propria (loose ct.) of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal and tubal tonsils

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23
Q

What would you expect to find in the lamina propria (loose ct.) of the Oropharynx

A

Lingual and palatine tonsils

24
Q

Would you expect to see any tonsils in the lamina propria (loose ct.) of the Laryngopharynx

A

no

25
Q

True or false; the submucosa of the pharynx = Pharyngobasilar fascia

A

true; Collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blends into wall of pharynx

26
Q

What function does the submucosa of the pharynx (Pharyngobasilar fascia) have?

A

Adds support to 90 degree turn of head

27
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the muscularis externa of pharynx? What is unique about the fiber arrangement?

A

All skeletal muscle

Unique because reverse pattern - Longitudinal inner and Circular outer (this arrangement also occurs in uterus)

28
Q

True or false; the Adventitia of the pharynx = Buccopharyngeal Fascia

A

true

29
Q

True or false; the Epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into the adventitia of pharynx (Buccopharyngeal fascia)

A

true

30
Q

What kind of cells line the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the trachea

A

Respiratory epithelium

31
Q

What is the arrangement of the muscularis mucosa in the trachea

A

there is no muscularis mucosa anywhere in the respiratory system

32
Q

True or false; similarly to the respiratory region of the nose, the lamina propria of the trachea contains seromucus glands and is quite vascular

A

true

33
Q

What is unique about the submucosa of the trachea

A

Contains hyaline cartilage C rings and blends with Lamina propria

34
Q

What muscle would you expect to find with the muscularis externa of the trachea

A

Trachealis (smooth muscle)

35
Q

What trends do you see decrease as you transition from trachea to bronchi

A

decrease: Amount of cartilage
Number of glands
Number of goblet cells
Height of epithelial layer

36
Q

What trends do you see increase as you transition from trachea to bronchi

A

Increase: Smooth muscle and Elastic Ct.

37
Q

Would you find cartilage in Bronchioles? What about seromucus glands

A

No to both; (Complete smooth muscle layer)

38
Q

Would you expect to find clara cells in bronchioles?

A

yes

39
Q

What is the last conducting portion of respiratory system?

A

Terminal bronchioles - Made of simple columnar/cuboidal with clara cells

40
Q

What makes up the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles

A

fibroelastic ct.

41
Q

What is the first region of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

42
Q

Is the structure of the respiratory bronchioles similar to structure of terminal bronchioles?

A

yes; but respiratory have simple squamous epithelium (i.e. gas exchange is possible)

43
Q

What is the general function of the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

A

gas exchange

44
Q

Which alveolar cell type is made of squamous cells, with zonula occludens and makes up 95% of alveolar surface

A

Alveolar type 1 - Type 1 pneumocyte

General function- gas exchange

45
Q

Which alveolar cell type is made of cuboidal cells and makes up 5% of alveolar surface

A

Alveolar type 2 - Type 2 pneumocyte

46
Q

While the alveolar type 1 cells function in gas exchange, what do the less numerous type 2 alveolar cells function in?

A

producing pulmonary surfactant

47
Q

True or false; alveolar macrophages develop from monocytes

A

true

48
Q

What is the region between two alveoli called?

A

Interalveolar septum (contains the 2 types of alveoli and basal lamina with small amounts of ct.)

49
Q

What is the blood-gas barrier

A

region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and blood

50
Q

What makes up the blood-gas barrier?

A

Surfactant
Alveolar type 1 cells
Fused basal lamina between alveolar and endothelial cells

51
Q

Chronic exposure to irritants would cause goblet cell numbers to what?

A

Increase- resulting in increased mucus

52
Q

Chronic exposure to irritants would cause ciliated columnar cell numbers to what?

A

decrease - resulting in more congestion

53
Q

Chronic exposure to irritants would cause seromucus glands to what?

A

Increase in size and increase secretion

54
Q

What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns?

A

too few mature alveolar type 2 cells

55
Q

How could metaplasia occur due to chronic exposure to irritants

A

too much coughing - develop patches of stratified squamous epithelium instead of respiratory epithelium

56
Q

What is emphysema? Is it reversible?

A

Decrease in elastin - decrease alveolar elasticity
Reduced surface for gas exchange

Irreversible

Organ histology (10 decks)

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