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Organ histology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system

A

Nutrient break down
Absorption
Elimination of waste

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2
Q

What is the largest salivary gland and produces ~30% of total saliva output

A

parotid gland

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3
Q

Is the parotid gland affected by mumps?

A

yes; very much so

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4
Q

What CN passes through the parotid gland

A

VII

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5
Q

As we age what typically infiltrates our parotid glands

A

adipose

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6
Q

What 3 things does our parotid gland produce?

A

Salivary amylase (carb break down) & Salivary lipase (fat breakdown)
Lysozyme (antibacterial)
Secretory IgA

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7
Q

What smaller salivary gland produces 60% of total salivary output

A

submandibular gland

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8
Q

True or false; the parotid gland produces mucus and serous products

A

false; it only produces serous

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9
Q

True or false; the submandibular gland only produces mucus

A

false; it produces both mucus and serous products (~80-90% serous)

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10
Q

What is the smallest salivary gland that only produces 5% of salivary output

A

sublingual gland

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11
Q

True or false; the sublingual gland is a mixed gland producing both mucus and serous products

A

true

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12
Q

What does the sublingual gland produce more of, serous or mucus products

A

mucus (80%)

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13
Q

What is the function of the esophagus

A

transfer bolus to stomach from oropharynx

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14
Q

What are the 4 luminal wall structures that make up the esophagus

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Andevtitia/Serosa

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15
Q

True or false; the mucosa of the esophagus contains Langerhan cells which are antigen presenting cells with some phagocytosis

A

true (part of problem with food allergies)

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16
Q

What part of the mucosa of the esophagus produces mucus to help movement of food

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

True or false; the muscularis mucosa within the mucosa of the esophagus is a discontinuous layer of longitudinal muscle which is thinner by the pharynx and thicker by stomach

A

true

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18
Q

What is the submucosa of the esophagus made of? What is its primary function

A

dense fibroelastic ct.

Primary to produce mucus and some serous products (lysozyme and pepsinogen)

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19
Q

True or false; the normal pattern of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is a inner circular and outer longitudinal

A

true

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20
Q

Is there a difference between the amount of smooth vs. skeletal muscle in the muscularis externa of the esophagus as you travel to the stomach?

A

yes; Upper 1/3 all skeletal - Middle 1/3 mixed - Lower 1/3 all smooth

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21
Q

True or false; once you pass through the diaphragm the adventitia becomes the serosa

A

true

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22
Q

What are the 2 physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus

A 
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter (between oropharynx and esophagus) 
Gastroesophageal sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)
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23
Q

True or false; 2 characteristics of the physiological sphincters of the esophagus are:
No thickening of circular muscle
And pressure gradient aids movement of bolus

A

true

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24
Q

What are the 2 functions of the stomach

A

breakdown of food

storage

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25
Q

What are the 4 luminal wall structures of the stomach

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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26
Q

The surface epithelium in the mucosa of the stomach is made up of simple columnar cells. What function do these cells have

A

produce thick mucus and release bicarbonate

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27
Q

True or false; the mucosa of the stomach is made up of surface epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa just like the esophagus

A

true; though the muscularis mucosa of the stomach has muscle fibers arranged in 3 layers instead of just one discontinuous longitudinal layer like the esophagus

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28
Q

How is the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosa in the mucosa of the stomach arranged

A

Inner circular
outer longitudinal
outermost circular

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29
Q

The submucosa of the stomach is highly vascular and has what function

A

shut down stomach activity fast

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30
Q

True or false; the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus lies next to inner circular layer of muscle

A

true; this plexus influences the mucosa (secretion, blood flow, movements)

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31
Q

What are the 3 possible layers of muscle in the muscularis externa of the stomach

A 
innermost oblique (sometimes absent)
Middle circular (well developed)
Outer longitudinal
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32
Q

Where does the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus lie? What does it do?

A

between circular and longitudinal layers of muscle

control muscularis externa

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33
Q

True or false; the stomach is all serosa

A

true

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34
Q

True or false; there are no chief cells in the cardiac region of the stomach

A

true; primarily surface mucus, a few DNES cells and parietal cells (a lot of mucus is made here)

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35
Q

What does DNES cells stand for?

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system cells

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36
Q

What are the 3 regions in the gastric gland of the stomach

A

Isthmus
Neck
Base

37
Q

The isthmus of the gastric gland of the stomach has surface mucus cells that produce what?

A

thick mucus and bicarbonate

38
Q

What are the 3 kinds of DNES cells in the stomach? What do each produce?

A

Type D: Produce somatostatin (inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES)
Type EC: Produce serotonin and substance P (increase peristalsis)
Type G: Produce gastrin (stimulates HCL and Pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells)

39
Q

True or false; gastrin secretion by Type G DNES cells in the stomach can be induced in response to food entering (i.e. stretching) and certain foods (caffeine, alcohol)

40
Q

The Neck of the gastric gland has neck mucus cells that have what function?

A

produce soluble mucus which will mix with chyme to lubricate gastric contents

41
Q

True or false; while most cells of the stomach have a short turn over rate (matter of days) Parietal (oxyntic) cells in the neck of the gastric gland can live between 150-200 days

42
Q

What is the function of parietal (oxyntic) cells in the neck of the gastric gland

A

Produce HCl and gastric intrinsic factors (necessary for absorption of vit. B12 - which is necessary for RBC maturation)

43
Q

True or false; chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia due to a decrease in parietal cells -> leading to decrease in gastric intrinsic factors -> decrease in vitamin B12 absorption

44
Q

The base of the gastric gland of the stomach contains many chief cells. What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen - to break down proteins

And some gastric lipases (fat breakdown)

45
Q

How long do chief cells and DNES cells live?

A

around 60-90 days

46
Q

Which kind of DNES cell produces somatostatin

47
Q

Which kind of DNES cell produces serotonin and substance P

48
Q

Which kind of DNES cell produces gastrin

49
Q

True or false; Well developed inner circular layer of muscle and inner circular layer can be independently controlled are two characteristics of the pyloric sphincter

50
Q

True or false; the pyloric region of the stomach contains DNES cells, parietal cells, and chief cells

A

false; it does not contain chief, but does contain the other 2

51
Q

True or false; the pyloric region of the stomach has some neck mucus cells that produce mucus and some lysozyme

52
Q

What are the 3 general functions of the small intestine

A

digestion
absorb nutrients
produce intestinal hormones

53
Q

What are the 3 surface adaptations in the small intestine that increase the surface area by 400 fold

A

Plicae circulares
Villi
Microvilli

54
Q

What is the main function in the mucosa of the small intestine

A

absorb water and nutrients

55
Q

Where are goblet cells fewest and most numerous in the small intestine

A

fewest in duodenum

most in ileum

56
Q

How many types of DNES cells are there in the small intestine

57
Q

What do type 1 DNES cells do?

A

produce cholecystokinin (CCK) which stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreas secretion

58
Q

What do type K DNES cells do?

A

produce GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) inhibits HCl

59
Q

What do type S DNES cells do?

A

produce secretin (stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from duct cells)

60
Q

What do type VIP DNES cells do/

A

produce vasoactive intestinal peptide

61
Q

What is the function of paneth cells in the mucosa of the small intestine

A

produce lysozyme

62
Q

Is there a muscularis mucosa in the small intestine

A

yes; but it is thin - connects smooth muscle in villi

63
Q

What are lacteals? What are they found in?

A

lymphatic capillaries - fxn. lipid absorption

found in lamina propria of mucosa

64
Q

True or false; the submucosa of the duodenum produces an alkaline mucus which is the 2nd way our body neutralizes chyme

A

true; mucus from Brunner’s glands (seromucus glands)

65
Q

Where would you find Peyer’s patches? What are they/

A

In Ileum

Groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodules

66
Q

True or false; the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus can be found in the submucosa of the small intestine and supplies Parasympathetic information that influences the mucosa

67
Q

True or false; the muscularis externa of the small intestine has a normal fiber arrangement (i.e. inner circular and outer longitudinal)

68
Q

What plexus would you expect to find in the muscularis externa of the small intestine? What function would it have?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus (found between circular and longitudinal layers)

stimulates peristalsis

69
Q

What parts of the small intestine are considered serosa? What about adventitia?

A

Serosa: All of jejunum and ileum; first and last cm of duodenum
Adventitia: vertical portion of duodenum

70
Q

Where would you find the Ileocecal valve? Is it a physiological or anatomical sphincter?

A

Between ileum and caecum of colon

It is both a physiological and anatomical sphincter

71
Q

What is the blind pouch on extending on the right side of the cecum?

72
Q

True or false; the appendix has the 4 normal features of digestive organs (i.e. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa)

73
Q

Does the appendix have goblet, regenerative, and DNES cells in its surface epithelium

74
Q

Does the appendix have a lamina propria? What about a muscularis mucosa

A

yes

yes; but poorly developed

75
Q

Would you expect to see villi or paneth cells in the appendix

76
Q

What is located in the submucosa of the appendix?

A

thick layer of large blood vessels and numerous lymph vessels

77
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

provide humoral immunity and a reservoir for good bacteria

78
Q

What are the 3 functions of the colon?

A

Absorption of water
Compaction, lubrication and elimination of feces
Some bacteria are producing some vitamins (K and B12)

79
Q

True or false; there are many DNES cells in the colon

A

false; there are only a few (many goblet though)

80
Q

True or false; the mucosa of the colon lacks villi and paneth cells

81
Q

True or false; the colon has a typical muscularis externa fiber arrangement (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

A

false; Outer longitudinal muscle gathered into bands called “Teniae Coli” and is discontinuous

82
Q

Constant tonus of teniae coli (the abnormal bundling of muscle fibers) results in what?

A

Sacculations called “Haustra coli”

83
Q

What parts of the colon are Adventitia? What about Serosa?

A

Ascending and descending: Adventitia

Transverse and sigmoid: Serosa

84
Q

What are the fat filled pouches made by the serosa of the colon called?

A

Appendices epiploicae

85
Q

What are the 2 general causes of peptic ulcers?

A

Insufficient protection from HCl and Pepsin (Damaged mucus coat-Too much HCl and Pepsin)

Helicobacter pylori

86
Q

True or false; cigarette smoking, alcohol, and coffee drinking are a few examples of what can delay healing of a peptic ulcer

87
Q

What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux

A

stomach chyme backing up into lower esophagus

88
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus (a problem with bulimia) occurs when what happens?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower esophagus

This is metaplasia - sign of chronic problem (precursor to cancer)

Organ histology (10 decks)

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