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Organ histology > Immune cells > Flashcards

Immune cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of protection for the immune system?

A

Surface protection (mucus, keratin on skin, etc.)
Acute inflammation
Immune response

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2
Q

What is the difference between humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

A

Humoral: usually in response to bacteria

Cell mediated: usually in response to virus, fungi, foreign cells

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3
Q

True or false; Cell mediated immunity is mediated by T cells

A

True

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4
Q

True or false; Cell mediated immunity depends on B cell participation

A

False; it does not depend on B cell participation

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5
Q

Which form of immune response involves antibody production

A

humoral immunity

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6
Q

True or false; humoral immunity is mediated by B cells and plasma cells

A

true

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7
Q

What are characteristics of diffuse lymphatics? What are a couple the lymphatic organs associated with it

A

no or incomplete capsule
humoral immunity
(Mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue “MALT”) (Tonsils)

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8
Q

What are characteristics of lymphatic organs? What are examples lymphatic organs?

A

HAS a capsule
Humoral AND cell-mediated immunities
(Lymph nodes, spleen)

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9
Q

True or false; lymphatic organs are associated with both humoral and cell-mediated immunities

A

true

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10
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs

A 
Thymus (T cells) 
Bone marrow (B cells)
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11
Q

What kind of lymphoid organ provides an environment where lymphocytes become immunocompetent

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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12
Q

What are the 3 examples of secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen
Lymph node
Diffuse lymphatics (MALT, Tonsils)

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13
Q

True or false; secondary lymphoid organs provide an environment where lymphocytes can contact foreign antigens

A

true

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14
Q

Where would you find MALT? (mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue)

A

gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

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15
Q

True or false; tears, saliva, gut lumen, nasal cavity, and vaginal surface are all areas you would expect to find secretory IgA

A

true

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16
Q

What are the 2 major functions of lymph nodes

A

Filtration of lymph using phagocytosis

Establish humoral and cell mediated immunities

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17
Q

What kind of connective tissue makes up the capsule (outside) of lymph nodes

A

dense irregular

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18
Q

What are the trabeculae in lymph nodes?

A

(septa) divides lymph node into compartments

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19
Q

What kind of vessels are found in the hilum of lymph nodes?

A

Efferent (outgoing vessels) + artery and vein

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20
Q

In a lymph node; where is the subcapsular or marginal sinus located?

A

under the capsule

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21
Q

In a lymph node; the cortical sinus passes through what?

A

cortex

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22
Q

In a lymph node; the deep cortical sinus passes through what?

A

paracortex

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23
Q

In a lymph node; the medullary sinus passes through what?

A

medulla region

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24
Q

In a lymph node; cells within all regions and sinuses are supported by a system of what?

A

reticular fibers

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25
Q

The reticular fibers that support all cells and sinuses in lymph nodes are produced by what?

A

reticular cells

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26
Q

The primary cell type found in the cortex of lymph nodes is what?

A

B cells

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27
Q

What activity is happening in the cortex of the lymph nodes

A

phagocytosis and humoral immunity

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28
Q

What kind of lymph nodule has no germinal center, and is a older lymph nodule or a group of B cells and B memory cells

A

Primary lymphoid nodule

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29
Q

What kind of lymph nodule has a germinal center, forms in response to a foreign antigen, and is B cells dividing

A

Secondary lymphoid nodule

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30
Q

True or false; primary lymphoid nodules have germinal centers

A

false; secondary lymphoid nodules have the germinal centers

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31
Q

Paracortex is synonymous with what?

A

Deep cortex

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32
Q

True or false; paracortex or deep cortex of lymph nodes is involved with HIV infections

A

true

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33
Q

What is the primary cell type in the paracortex or deep cortex of lymph nodes

34
Q

What is the activity in deep cortex or paracortex of lymph nodes?

A

Long term storage of T cells
phagocytosis
cell-mediated immunity (influence by T cells)

35
Q

What is the function of High endothelial venules (HEV)

A

facilitate passage of B & T cells from the blood into lymph nodes

36
Q

What kind of cells line HEV (high endothelial venules)

A

cuboid, and columnar cells

37
Q

What is the primary cell type of the medulla of lymph nodes

A

plasma cells

38
Q

What kind of activity is happening in the medulla of lymph nodes

A

phagocytosis and cell-mediated immunity

ALOT of humoral immunity (because of high concentration of plasma cells)

39
Q

True or false; medulla in lymph nodes have numerous medullary sinuses and medullary cords

A

true

Medullary cords are dense areas of cells between medullary sinuses

40
Q

True or false; in the thymus involution (fatty infiltration) begins after the first few years of life and really speeds up after puberty

41
Q

True or false; activity in the thymus remains constant throughout life

A

false; little functioning after age 25

42
Q

What is the function of the thymus

A

establish immunocompetent T lymphocytes (meaning distinguish self from non-self, and develop self tolerance)

43
Q

What is a thymocyte

A

T cell in the thymus

44
Q

What lymphatic organ has the thinnest capsule in the lymphatic system

45
Q

True or false; lobules in thymus have peripheral cortex and a central medulla

46
Q

What are the 4 supportive tissues in the thymus

A

capsule
septa
adipose
microstroma = epithelioreticular cells

47
Q

True or false; epithelial reticular cells in the thymus produce reticular fibers

A

false; they do not

48
Q

True or false; epithelial reticular cells in the thymus secrete hormones and cytokines which function to influence the maturation, division, and activity of T cells

49
Q

Where are thymic corpuscles (Hassall’s bodies) found? As we age what changes about them?

A

They are found in the medulla of the thymus

As we age the # of them increases as well as size

50
Q

True or false; epithelial reticular cells of the thymus are an important component of the blood thymic barrier

51
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the blood thymic barrier

A

Continuous caps with thick basal lamina

epithelioreticular cells

many macrophages in perivascular spaces (phagocytizing foreign molecules)

52
Q

What is the parenchyma of the thymus

A

Functioning regions

53
Q

What makes up the parenchyma (functioning regions) of thymus

A

Cortex and Medulla

54
Q

True or false; the cortex of the thymus stains lighter than the medulla

A

false; cortex stains dark (because large # of T cells) and medulla stains lighter (fewer cells)

55
Q

The cortex of the thymus has a large # of T cells (causing a darker stain than medulla) what are the cells doing? Are there many macrophages in the area?

A

The cells are growing and developing

Yes large numbers of macrophages

56
Q

While T cells in the cortex of the thymus are growing and developing, T cells in the medulla (stains lighter) while less numerous are doing what?

A

T cells are being tested

57
Q

True or false; 95-98% of T cells die in thymus

58
Q

Where are T lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

59
Q

After T cells are produced in bone marrow and travel to thymus to be ‘tested’ where do they travel to in the thymus?

A

To the parenchyma (first to the cortex, then to medulla to be tested until immunocompetent)

60
Q

Where do mature T cells that pass all of their tests leave the thymus? Where do they head?

A

post-capillary venules or efferent lymph

Many head to secondary lymph organs (lymph nodes, and spleen)

61
Q

Is there any afferent lymph heading toward thymus

62
Q

Are there reticular cells making reticular fibers in the thymus?

63
Q

Immunity, blood filtration, long term lymphocyte storage, storage of WBC’s and platelets, and hemopoietic organ to fetus are all functions of what secondary lymph organ

64
Q

True or false; there are many macrophages in the spleen to phagocytize old RBCs and platelets

65
Q

What is the convex and concave structure of the spleen called?

66
Q

The capsule of the spleen is made up of what kind of cells

A

thick dense irregular fibroelastic connective tissue

67
Q

Trabeculae of the spleen are made up of what kind of tissue

A

dense irregular

68
Q

True or false; the spleen has afferent lymph

69
Q

True or false; cells in the spleen are supported by reticular fibers produced by reticular cells

70
Q

The parenchyma of the spleen is made up of what?

A

Red pulp and white pulp

71
Q

What is white pulp of the spleen made of and how much of the spleen is made of white pulp

A

concentrated white blood cells (primary lymphocytes)

between 5-20%

72
Q

What is the general function of white pulp in the spleen

A

immunity (cell mediated and humoral)

73
Q

Where is white pulp in the spleen located?

A 
under capsule 
splenic nodule (primarily in children, store B cells) 
periarterial sheaths (PALS) (long term storage of T cells)
74
Q

True or false; most of spleen is made up of red pulp

75
Q

What are the functions of red pulp

A

rapid blood filtration

allows contact with foreign antigens

76
Q

True or false; the red pulp of spleen is a combo of open and closed capillaries

77
Q

Loose network of reticular fibers
reticular cells
lots of macrophages
Blood including WBC, RBC, platelets and macrophages
As well as many plasma cells are all found in this structure of spleen

A

splenic cords

78
Q

What are some effects you’d expect to see in a patient with a splenectomy

A

Blood changes- increase # platelets and abnormal RBC

Increased risk of bacterial septicemia

Liver and some bone marrow taking up blood filtration (increase in macrophages)

79
Q

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by what?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

80
Q

After EBV infects patient in their respiratory epithelium where can the virus spread

A

salivary glands, lymph nodes, then to liver, spleen B cells and blood

81
Q

How long do symptoms from EBV take to show up after initial exposure

Organ histology (10 decks)

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