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Organ histology > Bone cells > Flashcards

Bone cells Flashcards

1
Q

True or false; bone is another type of connective tissue but is harder and less flexible than cartilage

A

true

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2
Q

What are the 4 main functions of bone

A

Structural support
Levers for muscle
Protect organs/house bone marrow
Metabolic reserve for minerals

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3
Q

65% of the dry weight of bone comes from where?

A

inorganic matrix

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4
Q

What makes up the inorganic matrix of bone

A

(minerals)
Hydroxyapatite crystals
calcium phosphate
other minerals

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5
Q

35% of the dry weight of bone comes from where?

A

organic matrix

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6
Q

80-90% of the organic matrix is made of what?

A

Collagen (primarily type 1)

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7
Q

True or false; the organic part of bone has a highly organize fiber arrangement

A

true

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8
Q

What are the 3 parts of the organic matrix of bone

A

Collagen (primarily type 1)
GAGs
Glycoproteins

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of GAGs in the organic matrix of bone

A

Sulfated (more numerous) - chondroitin and keratin

Non-sulfated - Hyaluronic acid

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10
Q

What are binding proteins

A

proteins that bind minerals to collagen

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11
Q

True or false; vitamin D stimulates arrangement of minerals

A

true

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12
Q

True or false; there is a higher amount of organic matrix in adult bone compared to children

A

false; more in children (aka more flexible - greenstick fractures)

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13
Q

True or false; the arrangement of bone is more random in childhood and increases uniformity as we age

A

true

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14
Q

Are osteoprogentic cells mitotic?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenic cells? What are their appearance?

A

change into osteoblast

flat

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16
Q

What is the location of osteoprogenitor cells? What are they derived from?

A

Located in endosteum and periosteum

Derived mainly from mesenchyme, but sometimes chondrogenic

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17
Q

What are the appearance of osteoblast? Where are they located?

A

Cuboid to columnar

Endosteum and periosteum

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18
Q

What are osteoblast derived from? What are their functions?

A

Derived from osteoprogenitor

Produce osteoid, materials (matrix vessicles) - initiates calcification of newly produced boney matrix
And respond to PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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19
Q

Are osteoblast mitotic?

A

No

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20
Q

What response do osteoblast have to PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

Secrete factor that creates more osteoclasts

Produce enzymes to condition bone for osteoclast activity

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21
Q

What is the appearance of osteocytes

A

conforms to lacuna

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22
Q

What is the location of osteocytes? What are they derived from?

A

Surrounded by bony matrix

Derived from osteoblast

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23
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes

A

Maintain and monitor bony matrix

Release factors to influence osteoblast activity, and cause creation of more osteoclasts

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24
Q

Are osteocytes mitotic?

A

NO

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25
Q

What is the appearance and location of bone-lining cells? What are they derived from?

A

Flat

Endosteum and periosteum

Usually from osteoblast, sometimes osteocytes

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26
Q

What is the function of bone-lining cells

A

to wait and become osteoblast when needed

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27
Q

Are bone-lining cells mitotic?

A

NO

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28
Q

What is the appearance and location of osteoclasts? What are they derived from?

A

Large and multinucleated

Endosteum and periosteum

Pre-osteoclast from bone marrow; related to monocytes

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29
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts

A

reabsorb bone (highly specialized)

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30
Q

Where does the mechanism of bone reabsorption take place?

A

Subosteoclastic compartment

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31
Q

True or false; an increase in osteoclast activity is associated with a drop in pH in the area

A

true, this is due to an increase in carbonic acid which is used to dissolve the inorganic matrix of bone

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32
Q

How is the organic matrix of bone broken down?

A

by lysosomal enzymes

33
Q

What are the 2 main hormones effecting osteoclast activity? What do they cause?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone) - has an indirect influence on osteoclast by causing release of osteoclast stimulating factor (increasing activity)

Calcitonin - decreasing activity

34
Q

Are osteoblast directly or indirectly influenced by PTH? What about osteoclasts

A 
Osteoblast = direct 
Osteoclast = indirect
35
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Primary (immature bone) - woven

Secondary (mature) - lamellar

36
Q

Where would you expect to find primary bone (immature woven)?

A

Found in fetal development and bone repair

37
Q

True or false; Primary bone (immature - woven) have many osteocytes, low minerals and more random collagen 1

A

true

38
Q

True or false; bone cells are connected by gap junctions

A

true (exchange material, transfer nutrients)

39
Q

True or false; compact bone have lamellae with no enlarged vascular channels

A

true

40
Q

Which circumferential lamellae is considered periosteal lamellae, is often associated with sharpey’s fibers

A

Outer circumferential lamellae

41
Q

Inner circumferential lamellae or Endosteal lamellae are associated with what?

A

newer bone next to cancellous bone and marrow cavity

42
Q

Haversian systems or osteons are composted of what?

A

Osteocytes in lacunae

lamellae (rings of bone created by osteoblasts)

Canaliculi (tiny channels with osteocyte cell processes)

Central (Haversian) Canal

Volkmann’s Canals (connected adjacent osteons)

43
Q

Cancellous bone is also called what?

A

Trabeculae or spongy

44
Q

True or false; trabeculae are always aligned

A

false; align with stress

45
Q

Are trabeculae vascular?

A

yes, very

46
Q

Does cancellous bone or spongy bone have osteon structure

A

typically no

47
Q

True or false; Fibrous periosteum contains a lot of collagen type 1

A

true

48
Q

What is the function of fibrous pericardium

A

carry blood vessels and nerves (parasym, symp, and sensory)

49
Q

Osteogenic periosteum has how many layers of cells?

A

Single layer

50
Q

What is the function of osteogenic periosteum

A

remodeling, growth and healing

51
Q

________ is a single layer of cells that line internal bone surfaces

A

Endosteum

52
Q

True or false; endosteum is found in lacuna

A

false; not found in lacuna or canaliculi

53
Q

In intramembranous ossification what is the sequential sequence in development

A

Mesenchyme cells-osteoprogenitor-osteoblast-secrete matrix-osteocyte

54
Q

Vascular mesenchyme between trabeculae/osteons can develop into what?

A

bone marrow and endosteum

55
Q

True or false; most long and short bones ossify via endochondral ossification

A

true

56
Q

True or false; chondrogenic cells can become osteoprogenitor cells in endochondral ossification

A

true

57
Q

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid just inside the periosteum which will form what

A

periosteal collar = subperiosteal collar

58
Q

Diaphysis = what?

A

Shaft

59
Q

Epiphysis = what?

A

End

60
Q

Metaphysis = what?

A

area of transition between epiphyseal growth plate and diaphysis

61
Q

True or false; bone growth advances away from growth plate

A

false; it advances toward growth plate

62
Q

Cartilage continues to grow within epiphysis by ______

A

interstitial growth

63
Q

True or false; cartilage grows via interstitial growth because no perichondrium

A

true

64
Q

Appositional growth is associated with

A

perichondrium

65
Q

True or false; secondary centers of ossification result in bone length

A

false; think rings of a tree

66
Q

What does an increase in bone length result from

A

bone metaphysis growing toward epiphysis as cartilage in epiphyseal growth plate continues to develop (grow)

67
Q

What controls bone growth

A

HGH, thyroid hormones, sex hormones

68
Q

Cancellous bone remodeling is influenced by..

A

bone marrow cells

69
Q

What does somatotropin (HGH) stimulate in bone growth? What happens if low

A

Stimulates osteoblasts and fibroblast formation

lower bone density

70
Q

Scurvey which is Vit C deficiency affects collagen 1 how?

A

Reduce bony matrix and bone development

delay healing

71
Q

Rickets (vit D deficiency) in children causes what in regards to Ca absorption

A

decreases

72
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

Prolonged vit D deficiency in adults (new formed bone doesn’t ossify)

73
Q

What are the primary cells involved in osteoporosis

A

osteoblast and osteoclasts

74
Q

What are 3 signs of osteoporosis

A

curvature of spine (kyphosis)
severe back pain
decrease height

75
Q

What are 2 types of osteoporosis

A

postmenopausal and age related

76
Q

What is postmenopausal osteoporosis caused by

A

decreased estrogen

77
Q

Age related osteoporosis is due to what?

A

decreased somatotropin (HGH)

78
Q

Reducing osteoclast/osteoblast lifespan
Activating osteoblast to secrete osteoid
Slow bone remodeling
are all associated with what?

A

smoking and alcohol abuse

Organ histology (10 decks)

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