Respiratory System

Question 1

What is ventilation?

Answer 1

moving air in and out of lungs

Question 2

What is the conduction zone?

Answer 2

area of lungs designed only for ventilation and not gas exchange

Question 3

Describe the conduction zone.

Answer 3

air goes from pharynx past larynx into trachea and then to right/left primary bronchi, which branch into bronchioles

Question 4

Describe the cells in the trachea.

Answer 4

cells secrete mucus to trap dirt and dust, and also have cilia to sweep dirty mucus out of the system

Question 5

What are alveoli?

Answer 5

bubbles of tissue where gas exchange takes place

Question 6

How do the two gases exchange from blood to alveoli?

Answer 6

passive diffusion, because both are hydrophobic (lipid soluble) and they just move down concentration gradients

Question 7

Why is there steam when we blow on a mirror?

Answer 7

because there is a fair amount of water exhaled with CO2

Question 8

Where do the CO2 and water come from?

Answer 8

waste products of the Krebs cycle

Question 9

What are the two systems that can regulate blood pH?

Answer 9

respiratory system, renal system

Question 10

Does CO2 dissolve in plasma?

Answer 10

not well, because it is hydrophobic

Question 11

So, what happens to CO2 when it tries to dissolve in plasma?

Answer 11

converted to carbonic acid and then bicarbonate ion, which dissolve in plasma

Question 12

What if the pH gets too acidic?

Answer 12

breathe faster to get rid of more CO2

Question 13

What is the pH gets too basic?

Answer 13

breathe slowly so that acidity will bring down pH

Question 14

What is the primary muscle of the lung?

Answer 14

diaphragm

Question 15

What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?

Answer 15

curves up under lungs

Question 16

What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?

Answer 16

flattens out and increases size of chest cavity

Question 17

What happens when the chest cavity increases in volume?

Answer 17

creates decrease in air pressure, which sucks air in (called inspiration)

Question 18

What is expiration?

Answer 18

when the diaphragm relaxes, it decreases volume and increases air pressure, which forces air out

Question 19

What controls breath rate?

Answer 19

medulla oblongata

Question 20

What are the two major groups of organs of the digestive system?

Answer 20

alimentary canal, accessory organs

Question 21

What is the alimentary canal?

Answer 21

long, muscular tube that begins at mouth and ends at anus

Question 22

List the organs of the alimentary canal (in order).

Answer 22

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus

Question 23

What is peristalsis?

Answer 23

rhythmic contractions that push food down to stomach

Question 24

What are accessory organs?

Answer 24

play a role in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal

Question 25

What are the accessory organs?

Answer 25

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 26

What is exocrine secretion?

Answer 26

secretions that occurs outside of blood

Question 27

Give 5 examples of exocrine secretions.

Answer 27

digestive enzymes, saliva, mucus, tears, sweat

Question 28

What is a bolus?

Answer 28

lump of ground food in the mouth

Question 29

What other enzyme does the salivary gland secrete?

Answer 29

amylase, which digests starch (a carbohydrate)

Question 30

What is the pH of the stomach?

Answer 30

between 1 and 2

Question 31

Why is the stomach acidic?

Answer 31

gastric glands on the walls of stomach secrete HCl

Question 32

What are the two purposes of HCl in the stomach?

Answer 32

kill germs and break up food more

Question 33

What is the other enzyme secreted by the gastric glands?

Answer 33

pepsin, which digests proteins

Question 34

What is another name for pepsin?

Answer 34

gastric protease

Question 35

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

Answer 35

pepsinogen