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SAT Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?

A

to protect stomach lining from acidic juices

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2
Q

What is the name for the mush that leaves the stomach?

A

chyme

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3
Q

Where does the chyme go next?

A

small intestine

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4
Q

What is the small intestine responsible for?

A

digestion and absorption

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5
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

liver and gallbladder

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6
Q

What does bile do?

A

released to break down fats in chyme

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7
Q

How does bile “break down” fats?

A

does not digest fat, but emulsifies it - breaks up hydrophobic fats from hydrophilic fat to allow easier access for lipases to actually break down fat

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8
Q

What are the six processes of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, movement (peristalsis), digestion, secretion, absorption, defecation

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9
Q

Give an analogy for how bile works on chyme.

A

soap on buttery hands

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10
Q

Where do the enzymes used in the small intestine come from?

A

pancreas

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11
Q

Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

amylase

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12
Q

Which enzyme breaks down protein?

A

protease

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13
Q

Which enzyme breaks down fat?

A

lipase

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14
Q

What other chemical does the pancreas secrete and why?

A

secretes basic bicarbonate which neutralizes acid from stomach to allow enzymes to function

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15
Q

What is the pH in the small intestine?

A

close to neutral

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16
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

23 feet - longest part of the alimentary canal

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17
Q

What happens to the processed chyme?

A

nutrient molecules are absorbed into blood and are sent to liver for processing

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18
Q

Which blood vessels send nutrient molecules to the liver?

A

portal veins (part of hepatic portal system), sends blood directly to liver

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19
Q

Where does most of the actual digestion/absorption occur?

A

small intestine

20
Q

Where does the chyme go after small intestine?

A

large intestine

21
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

reabsorbs water from the chyme, no digestion here

22
Q

What is the name for the chyme that leaves the colon?

A

feces

23
Q

What other crucial role does the large intestine play?

A

host to nonpathogenic bacteria (such as e. coli) which fight off growth of pathogenic bacteria and also supply us with vitamin K

24
Q

What is different about the digestive system of crocodiles/alligators/birds?

A

have same organs but in addition they have a crop to store food and a gizzard to grinding food

25
Q

What are the 6 kinds of nutrients?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

26
Q

Which of the 6 nutrients are large and need processing?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

27
Q

What is the end product of carbohydrate digestion?

A

glucose

28
Q

What is the end product of protein digestion?

A

amino acids

29
Q

What is the end product of lipid digestion?

A

fatty acids, glycerols

30
Q

What is the function of vitamin A?

A

needed to make retinal, a chemical necessary for sight

31
Q

What are the effects of vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness

32
Q

What is the function of vitamin B?

A

needed for cellular respiration and DNA replication

33
Q

What are the effects of vitamin B deficiency?

A

skin disorders, mental confusion, anemia

34
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A

needed to make collagen (fiber in connective tissue)

35
Q

What are the effects of vitamin C deficiency?

A

wounds don’t heal, scurvy

36
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

needed for calcium absorption

37
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D deficiency?

A

weak bones and teeth, rickets

38
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

needed to protect cell membranes from damage

39
Q

What are the effects of vitamin E deficiency?

A

anemia

40
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

needed for blood clotting

41
Q

What are the effects of vitamin K deficiency?

A

bruise easily and excessive bleeding

42
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

needed in hemoglobin

43
Q

What are the effects of iron deficiency?

A

anemia

44
Q

What is the function calcium?

A

needed for strong bones and teeth, also for muscle contraction

45
Q

What are the effects of calcium deficiency?

A

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults (bone weakening)

46
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

needed to make thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

47
Q

What are the effects of iodine deficiency?

A

decreased metabolic rate (hypothyroidism)

SAT Biology (10 decks)

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