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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
respiration
regulate blood pH
receptors for sense of smell
filters, warms, and moistens inspired air
produces inspired air

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2
Q

distinct processes that happen during respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation- moving air into and out of the lungs
  2. external respiration- gas exchange between the lungs and blood
  3. transport- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
  4. internal respiration- gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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3
Q

pathway of air through the lungs

A

nose–>nasal cavity–>nasal mucosa/conchae–>nasopharynx–>oropharynx–>laryngopharynx–>larynx–>trachea–>bronchi–>bronchioles–>alveoli

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4
Q

structure of the lungs

root

A

site of vascular/bronchial attachments

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5
Q

structure of the lungs

costal surface

A

anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs

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6
Q

structure of the lungs

apex

A

narrow superior tip of the lung

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7
Q

structure of the lungs

base

A

inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm

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8
Q

structure of the lungs

hilum

A

indentation that contains the pulmonary and systemic blood vessels

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9
Q

structure of the lungs

cardiac notch

A

impression/cavity that accomodates the heart

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10
Q

left lung

A

separated into the upper and lower lobes by oblique fissure

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11
Q

right lung

A

separated into 3 lobes by oblique/horizontal fissure

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12
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

10 per lung each with its own innervation and blood vessels that function independently of eachother

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13
Q

pulmonary lung circulation

A

pulmonary arteries- supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated and branch profusely along with bronchi to ultimately feed the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli

pulmonary veins- carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones to the heart

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14
Q

bronchial lung circulation

A

bronchial arteries- provide systemic blood to lung tissue; arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the hilum and supply all lung tissue except the alveoli (bc the alveoli have gas exchange)

bronchial veins-anastomose w pulmonary veins instead of superior vena cava bc pulmonary veins carry most of the venous blood from the lungs back to the heart

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15
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange
consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
approx 300 million alveoli that make up most of the lungs volume and provide tremenous area for gas exchange

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16
Q

conducting zone

A

conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange

all other respiratory structures like the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and trachea

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17
Q

features of alveoli and their respiratory membranes that suit them for gas exchange by diffusion are

A
  • air blood barrier composed of alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas
  • alveolar walls made of simple squamous type 1 epi ideal for diffusion and gas exchange and secrete angiotensin converting enzyme ACE
  • surrounded by fine elastic fibers and smooth muscle
  • contains open pores that connect adjacent alveoli and allow air pressure throughout the lungs to be equalized
  • alveoli house macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile
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18
Q

premi infants lack adequate surfactactant

A

to coat the gas exposed alveolar surfaces with lipid like properties to create a surface tension so that water doesnt collapse the alveoli
without surfactant the alveoli smack closed with each breath and make breathing painful

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19
Q

pleurae of the lungs

A

thin double layered serosa
parietal pleura- covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm then continues around the heart and between the lungs

viscera/pulmonary pleura- covers the external lung surface and divides the thoracic cavity into 3 chambers the central mediastinum 2 lateral components each containing a lung

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20
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

air pressure inside of the lungs

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21
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure between the visceral and parietal pleura-pressure around the lungs

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22
Q

pulmonary ventiliation

A

breathing

the flow of air between atmosphere and and lungs due to differences in atmospheric pressure and alveoli pressure

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23
Q

inspiration (active)

A

if pressure in the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure air flows in

  1. phrenic nerve contracts the diaphragm which causes the thoracic volume to increase
  2. external intercostals contract and pull the ribs and sternum with the attached lungs up and out
  3. parietal pleura expands with the thoracic cavity and pressure decreases to -1mmHg
  4. air flows in until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 and equal the the atm pressure
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24
Q

exhalation (passive)

A

gases exit the lungs, no muscles involved

  1. diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome and intercostals also relax
  2. thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. elastic recoil- lungs spring back after being stretched/alveoli dont completely collapse because of surfactant
  4. intrapulmonary pressure rises to +1mmHg
  5. air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 like the atm
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25
Q

if lung volume is increased it is because

A

pressure is decreased

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26
Q

if air pressure is higher than alveolar pressure then

A

air flows into the lungs

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27
Q

if lung volume is decreased then

A

it is because pressure is increased

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28
Q

if air pressure is lower than alveolar pressure then air

A

moves out of the alveoli to a higher pressure

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29
Q

pleural/intrapleural pressure needs to be

A

less than intrapulmonary pressure to keep the alveoli open

suction pulls alveoli out so they dont stick together

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30
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

is the difference bt intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure and it keeps lungs from collapsing

31
Q

quiet inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals contract
pressure decreases to -1mmHg
air flows in the lungs until it reaches 0mmHg matching the atm

32
Q

deep/forced inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts and elevates the sternum
scalene contracts and elevates the upper 2 ribs and pectoral minor contracts to elevate the ribs 3-5

33
Q

passive expiration

A 
no muscles involved
diaphragm and intercostals relax
elastic recoil
pressure increases to +1mmHg 
air flows out until 0mmHg
34
Q

forced expiration

A

internal intercostals depress ribs and abdominal wall muscles also used to increase intraabdominal pressure and push organs against the diaphragm

35
Q

tidal volume

A

air that moves in and out of the lungs with each normal breath 500ml

36
Q

minute ventilation

A

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

only 70% of air inhaled/exhaled is involved in gas exchange

37
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

air that can be forcibly inspired beyond the TV 2100-3200ml

38
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration 1000-1200ml

39
Q

residual volume

A

air left in the lungs after a strenuous expiration 1200ml

40
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of exchangable air volume plus tidal volume

TV+ IRV+ ERV

41
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all lung volumes

6000ml in males

42
Q

anatomical dead space

A

volume of the conducting respiratory passages 150ml

43
Q

alveolar dead space

A

alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

44
Q

total dead space

A

sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces

45
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure of a specific gas in a mixture of gas

atmostpheric pressure= sum of partial pressure

46
Q

external respiration

A

pulmonary gas exchange
diffusion of oxygen in alveoli into the blood and blood CO2 ito the alveoli done by the pulmonary capillaries

pulmonary gas exchange is independent of eachother; partial pressure goes from an area where partial pressure is greater to lesser

47
Q

total surface area available for gas exchange is an important factor that

A

affects the rate of external respiration

any disease in TSA decreases the rate of gas exchange

48
Q

partial pressure of o2

A

104 mmHg in alveolar air, 40 mmHg in pulm capillaries

diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries until both reach 104 mmHg

reaches 100mmHg in pulmonary veins because of mixing of blood in which gas exchange doesnt occur bc of deoxy blood going to the pul veins form the bronchial circulation

49
Q

partial pressure Co2

A

45mmHg in deoxy blood, 40 mmHg in alveolar air

exhalation keeps at 40 mmHg so oxygenated blood entering the left side of the heart has Co2 at 40

50
Q

the gradient for Co2 is smaller than for o2 but it still meets the bodies gas exchange requirements because

A

co2 is more water soluble

51
Q

gas transport

oxygen

A

1.5% in h2o and 98.5% in hemoglobin
heme has for iron atoms so each carries 1 02

deoxyhemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin Po2 is the most important factor that determines how much o2 binds to hemoglobin
if Po2 is high then full saturation
if Po2 is low then release o2 from the blood plasma to the IF to the tissue cells-less o2 in the tissues/used it up

52
Q

if Pco2 is high then

A

hemoglobin releases more oxygen as blood flows through the active tissues

53
Q

if acidity is high then

A

hemoglobin releases oxygen

exercise–lactic acid in muscles

54
Q

if temperature is high then

A

hemoglobin releases oxygen

55
Q

transport of gases

CO2

A

Pco2 is highest in the IF, the less o2 hemoglobin is carrying the more co2 it can carry

dissolved Co2- 10% in the plasma
bound to amino acids 20% in hemoglobin- carbaminohemoglobin formed by high partial pressure co2 in tissues if Pco2 is low in pulm capillaries CO2 splits from hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions 70%- carbonic anhydrase/chloride shift

56
Q

transport of gases

co2 reversal in pulmonary capillaries

A

dissolved co2 in plasma into alveolar air
co2 splits from hemoglobin and into alveolar air
HCO3- reneters RBC from plasma, forms H2CO3 which forms CO2+water and enters alveolar air

57
Q

internal respiration

A

systemic gas exchange that occurs in tissues throughout the body
partial pressures reversed

Po2 100mmHg in the blood 40mmHg in tissue cells
Pco2 45 in tissue cells and 40mmHg in blood

pco2 highest in IF greater than 45

58
Q

about 200 ml of O2 is used

A

each minute by body cells

increases 15-20 fold during strenuous exercise

59
Q

clustered neurons in 2 areas of the medulla oblongata appear to be critically important in respiration

A

the ventral respiratory group

the dorsal respiratory group

60
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

netowork of neurons that extends to the ventral brain stem from the spinal cord to the pons medulla juction
rhythm generating and integrative center
groups of neurons that fire during inspiration and others during expiration
can cause forceful breathing
generates gasping during extreme low oxygen levels
stops respiration completely when certain cluster of VRG neurons is completely supressed

61
Q

the VRG cyclic activity produces a respiratory rate of

A

12-15 breaths per minute
2 second inspiration
3 second expiration

62
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

located dorsally near the root of cranial nerve IX
integrates input from the peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors
communicates the information to the VRG

63
Q

pons respiratory centers

A

influence and modify activity of the medullary centers neurons
smooth out inspiration and expiration transitions

64
Q

the pontine respiratory group

A

continuously inhibits the inspiration center by transmitting impulses to the VRG
modifies activites such as vocalization and exercise

65
Q

regulation of respiratory centers by

A

cerebral cortex
hypothalamus and lymbic system
chemoreceptors

66
Q

cerebral cortex

A

voluntarily alters the pattern of respiration because of the connection bt cerebral cortex and respiratory center
protective so we can hold our breath

67
Q

hypothalamus and limbic system

A

allows emotional stimuli to alter respiration
anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety may stimulate the limbic system
excitatory input increases breathing

68
Q

chemoreceptors sensory neurons sensitive to chemicals

A

central-medulla ob. responds to changes in H+ or Pco2 or both in CSF
peripheral-aortic arch, common carotid arteries-sensitive to Po2 and Pco2 in blood

69
Q

chemoreceptors from peripheral or central areas operates in negative feedback

A

if pco2 or H+ increase or Po2 decreases the inspiratory areas become highly active and breathing increases

Co2 is fat soluble so it easily diffuses into cells where it combines with water forming carbonic acids which forms H+ and Hco3-

an increase in CO2 causes an increase in H+

carbon dioxide is the most potent chemical influencing respiration and the most closely controlled and it must go under 60 mmHg in arteries to become a major stimulus for increased ventilation

70
Q

initiation reflex

A

stretch receptors in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles

when they become stretched during overinflation inspiration is inhibited and exhalation begins

71
Q

proprioceptor simulation

A

monitors the movement of joints and muscles

why your depth and rate of breathing increase with exercise

72
Q

temperature

A

increase from fever or exercise will increase respiration rate

73
Q

pain

A

sudden decrease in respiration rate

74
Q

airway irritation

A

ceases respiration followed by coughing or sneezing

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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