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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > Lymphatic and Immune > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid to maintain fluid balance
  2. transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (ADEK) in GI tract
  3. carry out immune responses- highly specific against microbes
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2
Q

lymphatic transport

A

one way system where lymph flows towards the heart

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3
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

similar to blood capillaries but:

  • they are very permeable
  • they have loosely joined endothelial mini valves-one way gates that do not allow lymph to escape from the capillaries
  • collagen fillaments that withstand interstitial pressure and remain open

during inflammation, lymphatic capillaries can absorb cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells because they cleanse and absorb

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4
Q

lacteals

A

special type of lymphatic capillary that is present in intestinal mucosa to absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood

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5
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

have the same 3 tunics as veins
thinner walls with more internal valves
anastomose more frequently

collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
deep vessels travel with arteries
nutrients are supplied by the branching vaso vasorum

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6
Q

lymphatic trunk

A

formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts

paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks
single intestinal trunk

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7
Q

lymphatic ducts

A

receive lymph from trunks into one of 2 large ducts

  1. right lymphatic duct- drains upper right arm, and right side of the head and thorax
  2. thoracic duct-arises from cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body
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8
Q

the right lymph duct and the thoracic duct drain lymph

A

into the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins which returns fluid to the blood

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9
Q

differences bt the blood capillaries and the lymphatic capillaries

A

similar but lymph capillaries are

  • very permeable and loosely joined with endothelial mini valves- one way gates that do not allow lymph to escape
  • collagen filaments that can withstand interstitial pressure and remain open
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10
Q

source of lymph

A

interstitial fluid filtered out of the blood
called lymph once it has entered the lymphatic vessels

20L fluid filtered out of the blood each day
17L is returned to the blood
3L goes into the lymph vessels

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11
Q

lymph transport

A

no pumping organ-one way flow to the heart via low pressure conduits
skeletal and respiratory pumps
pulsations of nearby arteries
contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics

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12
Q

lymph nodes location

A

aggregations that occur near body surfaces in
inguinal, auxillary, and cervical regions of the body

imbedded in CT and clustered around lymph vessels

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13
Q

functions of lymph nodes

A
  1. filtration- macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris

2. immune system activation-monitor for antigens and mount attack against them

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14
Q

structure of a lymph node

A

bean shaped organ surrounded by a fibrous capsule
trabeculae exteneded inward from the capsule to divide the node into compartments
2 histologically distinct regions: cortex and medulla

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15
Q

lymph node cortex

A

contains follicles with germinal centers that are heavy with dividing B cells
dendritic cells nearly encapsulate the follicles
the deep cortex houses the T cells in transit that circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes and lymphatic stream

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16
Q

lymph node medulla

A

medullary cords extend from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells
throughout the node are lymph sinuses that are crisscrossed by reticular fibers
macrophages reside on the reticular fibers and phagocytize foreign matter

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17
Q

circulation of a lymph node

A

lymph enters via afferent vessels

meanders through sinuses and exits the node at the hilum via efferent vessels

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18
Q

because there are more afferent vessels than efferent vessels

A

lymph stagnates somewhat in the node and takes time to pass so that it can be filtered

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19
Q

other lymphoid organs

A

spleen
thymus
tonsils

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20
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphoid organ

located on the left side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. served by the splenic artery/vein

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21
Q

spleen white pulp

A

contains mostly lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions

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22
Q

spleen red pulp

A

remaining splenic tissue
removes old RBC and platelets, stores platelets, removes blood borne pathogens
also in charge of hematopoiesis during fetal life

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23
Q

functions of the spleen

A

site of lymphocyte proliferation
immune surveillance and response
uses macrophages in sinsues to remove debris/foreign matter from the blood
stores RBC break down products for later reuse
stores blood platelets
fetal hematopoiesis
-macrophages salvage/store iron for later use by bone marrow

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24
Q

thymus

A

bilobed organ in the neck that contains an outer cortex and inner medulla
it has no follicles so there are no B cells
cortex-contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages
medulla- contains fewer lymphocytes and has thymic (hassalls) corpuscles that are involved in the development of regulatory T cells to prevent autoimmune

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25
Q

function of the thymus

A

secretes hormones Thymosin and Thymopoietin that causes T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent and able to recognize specific antigens

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26
Q

the size of the thymus varies with age

A

infants- located in the inferior neck and extends into the mediastinum where it partially overlies the heart
childhood- increases in size and is most active
adolescence-thymus stops growing and gradually atrophies
old age- almost entirely replaced with fibrous and fatty tissue

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27
Q

the thymus differs from other lymphoid organs because

A

it functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation

the stroma consists of epithelial cells that secrete hormones

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28
Q

tonsils

A

the simplest of lymphoid organs
forms a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx to gather and remove patho entering the pharnyx in food or air
lymphoid tissue of tonsils contains follicles with germinal centers
tonsil masses are not fully encapsulated- crypts trap and destroy bac and particulate matter

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29
Q

palatine tonsils

A

largest
located at either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity
below the soft palate

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30
Q

lingual tonsils

A

collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue

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31
Q

pharyngeal tonsils

A

adenoids

located in the posterior wall of the pharynx

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32
Q

tubal tonsils

A

surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

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33
Q

lymphoid cells

A

lymphocytes are the main cells involved in the immune response
T and B cells protect the body against antigen

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34
Q

antigens

A 
anything the body perceives as foreign
bacteria/toxins
viruses
mismatched RBC
cancer cells
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35
Q

T cells

A

manage the immune response

attack and destroy foreign cells

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36
Q

B cells

A

produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

antibodies then immobilize antigens

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37
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

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38
Q

dendritic cells

A

spiny looking cells with functions similar to macrophages

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39
Q

reticular cells

A

fibroblast like cells that produce a stroma or network that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs

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40
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter

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41
Q

malt: peyers patches

A

isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum

similar to tonsils in structure

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42
Q

malt: peyers patches and the appendix

A

destroy bacteria preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
generate memory lymphocytes for long term immunity

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43
Q

malt: lymphoid nodules in walls of the bronchi

A

help protect the respiratory tract

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44
Q

what distinguishes the innate defense system from the adaptive defense system

A

innate- 1st and 2nd line of defense

INFLAMMATION

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45
Q

innate first line: skin

A

keratin presents a physical barrier to most microorganisms and is resistant to weak acid, bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
acidity of 3-5 inhibits bacterial growth
sebum has chemicals toxic to bacteria

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46
Q

innate first line: mucous membranes and secretions

A

stomach mucosae- HCl and protein digesting enzymes
saliva/lacrimal fluid-lysozyme
respiratory mucous-traps microorgs and cilia help to remove it
ears- wax to protect internal and middle ear
urine to flush out bacteria and acidity to inhibit growth

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47
Q

innate first line: bacteria

A

mutualistic relationship
colonization of an environment so other bacteria cannot
they produce chemicals to inhibit growth of other microbes and keep the immune system alert and ready

48
Q

innate second line: phagocytes

A

macrophages are chief phagocytic cells
- free macro wander and search for cellular debris
-kupffer cells in the liver and spleen and microglia in the brain are fixed macrophages
dendrites are most important in the start of the immune system
neutrophils become phago when encountering infectious material
phagocytosis allows the processing of antigens

eosinophils phago paracytic worms
mast cells bind and ingest a wide array of bac

49
Q

innate second line: natural killer cells

A

small distinct group of large granule lymphocytes that react non specifically and eliminate cancerous/virus infected cells
kill their target cell by releasing perforins and other cytolytic chemicals
secrete potent chemicals to enhance the inflammatory response

50
Q

innate second line: inflammation

A

triggered whenever body tissues are injured to prevent the spread of damaging agents, dispose of cell debris/patho, and set the stage for repair

51
Q

inflammation- leukocytosis

A

first step
neutrophils are released from the bone marrow in response to leukocytosis inducing factors that are released by injured cells

52
Q

inflammation- margination

A

second step

neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area

53
Q

inflammation-diapedesis

A

third step

neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phago

54
Q

inflammation-chemotaxis

A

last step

inflammatory chemicals attract more neutrophils to the injury site

55
Q

innate second line: anti microbial proteins

A

attack microorg directly and hinder their ability to produce through interferons or complement

56
Q

anti microbial proteins

interferon

A

induced at an early stage in viral infection to hinder replication
activate macrophages and mobilize NK

57
Q

type of interferon secreted by lymphocytes T cells and NK

A

gamma interferon

58
Q

alpha interfereon

A

secreted by most other WBC

59
Q

beta interferon

A

secreted by fibroblasts and epithelial cells

60
Q

how interferons work

A
  1. genes that synth IFN are activated when a virus invades a host cell
  2. interferon molc leave the infected cell and enter neighboring cells
  3. interferon stimulates the neighboring cells to activate genes for PKR an antiviral protein
  4. PKR non specifically blocks viral reproduction in the neighboring cell
61
Q

antiviral proteins: complement

A

20 or so proteins that circulate the body in inactive form
amplifies all aspects of the inflammatory response
kills bacteria and other certain cell types
also can be used in the 3rd line of defense

62
Q

how complement is activated

classical pathway

A

depends on the binding of antibodies to invading organisms

63
Q

how complement is activated

alternative pathway

A

triggered by interaction with molc present on microorganisms

64
Q

how complement pathways work

A

both pathways converge on C3 which cleaves into C3a and C3b to cause
opsonization, inflammation, and formation of the membrane attack complex MAC which inserts into the membrane of a cell and allows ions, water and other small molecules to pass freely through the pore resulting in lysis

65
Q

innate second line

fever

A

abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorg

66
Q

fever can be dangerous because

A

if it is to high it can denature enzymes

67
Q

moderate fever is beneficial because

A

it causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron/zinc needed by miccroorg
increases metabolic rate to speed up tissue repair
causes immune cells to become more agressive in phagocytosis and can also inhibit bacteria growth

68
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

caused by damage to the body tissues

69
Q

toll like receptors

A

located in macrophages and cells lining the GI/respiratory tract
recognizes specific components conserved among microorg

activated TLR trigger the release of cytokines that promote inflammation

they are pattern recognition receptors that do not alter so they are directed against key pathogen assoc molcule which are evolutionarly conserved

70
Q

toll like receptors protect you from

A

evolved pathogens

71
Q

adaptive 3rd line of defense

antigens

A

substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response

72
Q

complete antigens

A

ultimate targets of all immune responses
mostly large complex molecules not normally found in the body such as protein, nucleic acids, some lipids and large polysaccarides
only certain parts of the entire antigen are immunogenic

73
Q

haptens, incomplete antigens

A

small molc such as peptides, nucleotides and many hormones that are not immunogenic but are reactive when attached to protein carriers
if they link up with the bodies proteins, the adaptive immune system may recognize them as foreign and mount a harmful allergy attack

no allergy resp unless bound w other molc

74
Q

types of self antigens MHC proteins

A 
class I- found on all body cells except the RBC because they have ABO markers ( these provide the means for signaling to T cytotoxic cells that infectious microorg are hiding in body cells)
class II-found on certain cells of the immune response, only when pathogens are in the area
75
Q

cells of the adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes

antigen presenting cells MHC II

76
Q

cells of the adaptive immune response

lymphocytes

A

immature lymphocytes released from bone marrow are essentially identical
whether a lymphocyte becomes a B/T cell depends on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent

B cells mature in the bone marrow and oversee humoral immunity
T cells mature in the thymus- they are non antibody producing cells that constitute the cell mediated immunity

77
Q

event signaling that B/T cells are immunocompetent

A

display a unique type of receptor that responds to a distinct antigen

they become immunocompetent before they encounter antigens they may later attack
immunocompetence starts developing during fetal life, during this development the ability to tolerate self occurs

once immunocompetent they are transfered to a secondary lymphoid tissue where antigen encounters occur

78
Q

it is the ________not the antigens that determine which foreign substances our immune system will recognize and resist

A

genes

79
Q

cells of the adaptive immune system

antigen presenting cells

A

MHC II

engulf foreign particles and present fragments of antigens on their own surface to be recognized by T cells

80
Q

types of APC

dendritic cells

A

most important
initiator of adaptive immunity
usually in CT and epidermis, migrates to the lymph nodes and 2nd lymphoid organs and presents antigens to B/T cells

81
Q

types of APC

macrophages

A

stay at the site of infection

similar to dendritic cells but can also secrete soluble proteins that activate T cells and B cells?

82
Q

types of APC

activated B cells

A

produce antibodies

83
Q

first step of humoral immunity

antigen challenge

A

first encounter bt antigen and naive immunocompetent cell
B cells have class II MHC proteins (also found in T cells and APC)
class II MHC proteins bind to antigens that are later engulfed, they then migrate to the cell membrane and display the antigenic peptide for recognition by CD4 T helper cells
usually takes place in spleen or other lymphoid organ

84
Q

second step of humoral immunity

clonal selection

A

a naive immunocompetent B cell is activated when antigens bind to its surface receptors and T cell interactions occur
the B cells are stimulated and quickly multiply resulting in an army of all alike cells bearing the same antigen specific receptors
the antigen selects a cell by choosing a lymphocyte with complimentary receptors

85
Q

fate of the clones

A

most clone cells become antibody secreting plasma cells that secrete at 2000 molc/sec
others become memory cells that can mount immediate response to subsequent exposures of the same antigens

86
Q

third step of humoral immunity

production of antibodies

A

antibodies= the most important ammunition of humoral immunity
secreted antibodies/immunoglobulins are capable of binding specifically with the antigen

87
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

88
Q

IgD

A

monomer attached to the surface of B cells

important in B cell activation

89
Q

IgM

A

pentamer released by plasma cells during the primary immune response
can bind 10 antigens

90
Q

IgG

A

monomer that is the most abundant and diverse antibody in primary and secondary response loc in the blood

91
Q

IgA

A

dimer that helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces
predominant in fluids-mucus, saliva, tears

92
Q

IgE

A

monomer that binds to mast cells and basophils causing release of histamine when activated to mediate allergic responses

93
Q

active humoral immunity

A

YOU make antibodies-memory from immune response- B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
natural-memory response from being sick of bacterial/virus
artificial-memory from response to a vaccine of dead/attenuated pathogens

94
Q

passive humoral immunity

A

you are given antibodies; B cells are not challenged by antigens, there is no immunological memory
natural- mother to the fetus via placenta
artificial- injection of a serum like gamma globulin

95
Q

how do vaccines protect against common childhood illnesses

A

they introduces dead/attenuated pathogens so that the B cells encounter the antigens and produce antibodies against them to form memory immunity to protect the child when that pathogen is encountered again

96
Q

max is bitten by a rattle snake what would he be given

A

an injection of antivenom

which is an artificially acquired passive humoral immunity from the injection of a serum

97
Q

mechanism of antibody diversity

A

genes produce the variability

98
Q

antibody targets

A

antibodies themselves do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them form destruction by the killer parts of the immune system

99
Q

defensive mechanisms used by antibodies are

A

precipiation
lysis by complement fixation
aggultination
neutralization

100
Q

most abundant antibody in the blood

A

IgG

101
Q

secreted first in the primary immune response

A

IgM

102
Q

most abundant in fluid like secretions

A

IgA

103
Q

immunological memory- primary immune response

A

cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen
lag period of 3-6 days after the antigen challenge
peak levels of plasma antibody achieved in 10 days and then antibody levels decline

104
Q

immunological memory- secondary response

A

re-exposure to the same antigen
sensitized memory cells respond within hours
antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels than in the primary response

105
Q

cell mediated immune response

A

needed because antibodies are useless against intracellular antigens

used T cells to target cells infected with virus, bacteria, intracellular parasites, abnormal/cancerous, and cells of infused/transplanted foreign tissue

106
Q

major cells types in cell mediated immunity

A

CD4- t4 cells that are primarily T helper cells

CD8- t8 cells that are T cytotoxic cells that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens

regulatory T cells or T suppressor cells that close down the immune response after invading microorg are destroyed

memory T cells confer immediate protection as well as the capacity to mount a more rapid/effective secondary immune response

107
Q

job of T cells is to simultaneously recognize the self and the non self

A

nonself= antigen
self- an MHC protein of a body cells- Class 1
-always recognized by CD8 T cells/ Tcytotoxic cells
-can tell if infectious microorg is hiding in the body

108
Q

step one of T cell activation

A

antigen binding
T cell antigen receptors TCRs bind to antigen MHC protein complex

MHC 1 binding activates the cell immune response
MHC 2 binding activates the humoral response

109
Q

step 2 of T cell activation

A

co stimulation
before a T cell can undergo clonal expansion, it must recognize or or more co stimulatory signals such as cytokines that stimulate proliferation of other immune cells

T cells that are activated enlarge proliferate and form clones, they differentiate and perform functions according to their T cell class

110
Q

when T cells are bound in absence of Co stimulators

A

they become tolerant to the antigen, are unable to divide, and do not secrete cytokines

111
Q

type of T cell that is most important during cell mediated and humoral immunity

A

T helper cell
regulatory cells that play a central role in the immune response
once primed by APC they chemically or directly stimulate proliferation of other T cytotoxic cells and stimulate B cells that have already become bound to the antigen

without T helper cells there is no immune response

112
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

Tc cells or killer T cells are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
they circulate through the body in search of body cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

they target
virus infected, cells w intracellular bac/parasites, cancer, and foreign cells from transplants

113
Q

how Cytotoxic T cells work

A

release perforin into the membrane causing cell lysis by creating transmembrane pores

secrete lyphotoxin to fragment target cell DNA

secrete gamma interferon to stimulate phagocytosis by macrophages

114
Q

T cell that recognizes antigens on class II MHC

A

T helper

115
Q

cells that display MHC II proteins

A

dendritic, macrophages, activated B cells

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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