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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > fluid, electrolyte, acid-base > Flashcards

fluid, electrolyte, acid-base Flashcards

1
Q

water content of infants

A

low body fat
low bone mass
73% or more water

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2
Q

total water content__________ throughout life

A

declines

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3
Q

healthy males and healthy females content of water

A

males 60%

females about 50%

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4
Q

females have lower water content because

A

higher body fat

smaller amount of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

old age_______% of body weight is water

A

45%

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6
Q

sources of water gain

A

2.3 L from ingestion (main source)
.7 L from ingested foods
.2 L from metabolism- aerobic cellular resp/dehydration synthesis

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7
Q

sources of water loss

A

1.5 L from urine
.6 L from perspiration
.3 L from lungs as vapor
. 1 L from the GI as feces

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8
Q

regulation of water intake:

stimulation of the hypothalamic thirst center

A
  1. increases in plasma osmolality (most important)
  2. decline in plasma volume of 10-15%
  3. baroreceptor input and angiotensin II (due to low bp from decreased water in the blood)
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9
Q

when is thirst quenched

A

as soon as we begin to drink water

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10
Q

feedback signals that inhibit the thirst centers

A
  1. moistening of mucosa in mouth and throat

2. activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors

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11
Q

water reabsorption in collecting ducts is proportional to

A

ADH release

triggered or inhibited by hypothlamic osmoreceptors

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12
Q

low ADH levels produce

A

dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids

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13
Q

high ADH levels produce

A

concentrated urine

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14
Q

factors that specifically trigger ADH release are

A

prolonged fever, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, severe blood loss, and traumatic burns

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15
Q

disorders of water balance: dehydration

A

when water loss exceeds water intake and the body is in negative fluid balance

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16
Q

causes of dehydration

A

hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic abuse

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17
Q

signs and symptoms of dehydration

A

cotton mouth, thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria
if prolonged it can lead to weight loss, fever and mental confusion
loss of electrolytes

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18
Q

water occupies two main fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
each fluid compartment has a distinct pattern of electrolytes

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19
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF) amount and location

A

about 2/3 by volume

contained in the cells

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20
Q 
extracellular fluid (ECF)
locations
A

plasma- the fluid portion of the blood
interstitial fluid- the fluid between the cells
other ECF is in the lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions

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21
Q

water is the universal

A

solvent

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22
Q

solutes are broadly classified into

A

electrolytes and non electrolytes

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23
Q

composition of body fluids: electrolytes

A

inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins.

inorganic compounds that break into ions when dissolved into water
have greater osmotic power than non electrolytes

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24
Q

composition of body fluids: nonelectrolytes

A

glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea

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25
Q

water moves according to

A

osmotic gradients

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26
Q

extracellular fluids

cation and anions

A

are similar (except for the high protein content of plasma)
sodium is the chief cation
chloride is the chief anion

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27
Q

intracellular fluids

cations and anions

A

have low sodium and chloride
potassium is the chief cation
phosphate is the chief anion

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28
Q

proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and neural fats account for

A

90% of the mass of solutes in plasma
60% of mass of solutes in IF
97% of the mass of solutes in intracellular compartment

29
Q

fluid movement among compartments: compartmental exchange

A

compartmental exchange is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
net leakage of fluid from the blood is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to the blood stream
exchanges between interstitial (extracellular) and intracellular fluids are complex due to the selectively permeable cellular membrane

30
Q

electrolytes are salts, acids and bases but electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance.
salts are important for

A

neuromuscular excitability
secretory activity
membrane permeability
control of fluid movement

31
Q

salts enter the body through ingestion and are lost through

A

perspiration, feces, and urine

32
Q

sodium

A
  1. holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance
  2. single most abundant cation in the ECF
  3. only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure
  4. regulation of sodium balance by ANP and aldosterone
33
Q

Aldosterone and sodium

A

reabsorbs Na+ and secretes K+

increases blood pressure and sodium/water retention

34
Q

ANP and sodium

A

secretes Na+ and reabsorbs K+

reduces BP by inhibiting vasoconstriction and inhibiting sodium and water retention

35
Q

potassium

A

chief intracellular ion

has key role in establishing the membrane potential and repolarizing neurons and skeletal muscle

36
Q

aldosterone increase and potassium

A

increased potassium in the urine because aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+

37
Q

sodium reabsorption

% and where

A

65% reabsorbed in the PCT
25% reabsorbed in the LOH
aldosterone release is the last 10%

38
Q

ADH increases the number of

A

aquaporins and increases the water amount

39
Q

ionic calcium in the ECF is important for

A

blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, and secretory behavior

40
Q

calcium balance is controlled by

A

PTH and calcitonin
pth takes calcium from the bones reabsorbed in the blood and PO34 is secreted
calcitionin deposits calcium in the bones

41
Q

phosphate

A

filtered phosphate is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules
in the absence of PTH, phosphate reabsorption is regulated by its transport maximum and excesses are excreted in the urine

42
Q

regulation of anions

A

chloride is the major anion accompanying sodium in the ECF
99% of chloride is reabsorbed under normal pH conditions
other anions have transport maximums and excesses are excreted in the urine

43
Q

normal pH of body fluids

A

arterial blood is 7.4
venous blood is 7. 35
intracellular fluid is 7.0

44
Q

acid base balance: Alkalosis/alkalemia

A

when arterial blood pH rises above 7.45

45
Q

acid base balance: acidosis/acidemia

A

when arterial blood pH drops below 7.35

physiological acidosis

46
Q

major homeostatic challenge is keeping the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of body fluids. the task of acid base balance is of critical importance to cellular proteins because of

A

possible denaturation due to pH changes

47
Q

most hydrogen ions originate from cellular metabolism

A
  1. breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF
  2. Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid
  3. fat metabolism yields organic acids and keytone bodies that can change the pH of blood and show in the urine
  4. transporting CO2 as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions
48
Q

hydrogen ion regulation-the removal of H+ from body fluids and its subsequent elimination from the body depend on

A
  1. chemical buffer systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems
  2. physical buffers: exhalation of CO2, and kidney excretion of H+
49
Q

bicarbonate buffer system

A

based on the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
potassium or magnesium bicarbonates work as well

50
Q

if a strong acid is added to the bicarbonate buffer system

A

hydrogen ions are released and combine with the bicarbonate ions and form carbonic acid- a weak acid.
the pH of the solution decreases only slightly

51
Q

if a strong base is added to the bicarbonate buffer system

A

it reacts with carbonic acid to form sodium bicarbonate- a weak base
and the pH of the solution rises only slightly

52
Q

the bicarbonate buffer system is the only important

A

extracellular fluid buffer system

53
Q

phosphate buffer system

A

nearly identical to the bicarbonate buffer system but has a higher conc intracellular
effective buffer in urine and intracellular fluid

54
Q

components of the phosphate buffer system

A 
sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4), a weak acid
monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) a weak base
55
Q

protein buffer system: plasma and intracellular buffers

A

plasma and intracellular buffers are the bodies most plentiful and powerful buffers

  1. plasma-albumin
  2. hemoglobin-intracellular protein, picks up H+ when rel O2
56
Q

protein buffer system: amino acids

A

made of 2 main functional groups

  1. COOH (carboxyl group) which can release H+ to lower the pH (more acidic)
  2. NH2 (amino group) that can pick up a H+ to increase the pH and make it more alkaline
57
Q

physiological buffer system: exhalation of carbon dioxide

A

there is a reversible equilibrium between dissolved carbon dioxide and water
carbonic acid and hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

58
Q

during carbon dioxide unloading

A

hydrogen ions are incorporated into water

59
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

when hypercapnia or rising plasma H+ occurs

  1. deeper and more rapid breathing expels more carbon dioxide
  2. hydrogen ion concentration is reduced
60
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

causes slower more shallow breathing causing H+ to increase

61
Q

renal mechanisms are needed because

A

only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids, and keytones) to prevent metabolic acidosis

the ultimate acid-base regulation organs are the kidneys

62
Q

the most important renal mechanisms for regulating acid base balance are

A
  1. conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new bicarbonate ions
  2. excreting bicarbonate ions
  3. hydrogen ion secretion that occurs in the PCT and in type A intercalated cells
63
Q

losing a bicarbonate ion is the same as

A

gaining a hydrogen ion

64
Q

reabsorbing a bicarbonate ion is the same as

A

losing a hydrogen ion

65
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

most common cause of acid-base imbalance

occurs when a person breathes shallowly or gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, CF, or emphysema

66
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

most common result of hyperventilation

67
Q

metabolic acidosis is the second most common cause of acid base imbalance

A

typical causes are the ingestion of too much alcohol, and excessive loss of bicarbonate ions
other causes include accumulation of lactic acid, shock, ketosis, in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure

68
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

indicated by rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels
typical causes are: vomiting of acid contents of the stomach, intake of excessive base like from the antacids, and constipation in which excessive bicarbonate is absorbed

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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