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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood compostition

A

liquid component

cellular component

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2
Q

liquid component of blood

A

plasma

a non living fluid matrix

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3
Q

cellular component of blood

A

tissue

formed elements

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4
Q

blood is classified as connective tissue because

A 
it arises from the mesenchyme
has ecm (plasma) and cells (formed elements)
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5
Q

physical characteristics of blood

A

about 8% of body weight

males: 5-6L or 1.5 gal (more bc of testosterone)
females: 4-5L or 1.05-1.32 gal

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6
Q

blood is denser than water and about 5X more viscous because

A

of its formed elements-mostly RBC

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7
Q

ph range of blood

A

7.35-7.45

avg 7.4

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8
Q

blood temp

A

slightly higher than the body

38C or 100.4F core temp

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9
Q

functions of blood

A 
transportation
defense
temperature regulation
preventing loss
movement of hormones
regulation of pH through buffers

3 main functions:
distribution
regulation
protection

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10
Q

transportation

A 
distribution
take o2 from lungs to cells
co2 from cells to lungs
nutrients in GI to cells
waste from cells to kidneys
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11
Q

defense

A

protection
WBC for disease fighting
blood proteins/antibodies

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12
Q

temperature regulation

A

absorb and distribute heat throughout the body
skin/capillary bed has 5% of bodys blood supply
vasoconstrict/dilate to release/conserve heat

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13
Q

preventing loss

A

blood clots

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14
Q

movement of hormones

A

endocrine glands to cells of the body

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15
Q

regulation of pH through buffers

A

keep pH between 7.35-7.45

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16
Q

plasma

A

55% of the blood

but is made up of about 90% water with over 100 dissolved solutes

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17
Q

proteins dissolved in the plasma

ALBLUMIN

A

accounts for 60% of plasma proteins
produced by the liver to shuttle fats/other molecules thru the body
important blood buffer to keep pH in range
major protein contributing to plasma osmotic pressure (the pressure to keep water in the blood stream)

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18
Q

proteins dissolved in the plasma

ANTIBODIES

A

makes up 30% of plasma proteins

release by plasma cells during an immune response

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19
Q

proteins dissolved in the plasma

FIBRINOGEN

A

makes up 4% of plasma proteins
produced by the liver and forms the fibrin threads of a blood clot
without this people would bleed to death

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20
Q

nutrients/hormones dissolved in the plasma

A

from the GI tract

or steroid/thyroid hormones

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21
Q

electrolytes dissolved in the plasma

A

Ca++, K+, Na+
help maintain osmotic pressure (sodium)
and maintain normal blood pH

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22
Q

gases dissolved in the plasma

A

o2, CO2
o2 is mostly bound to hemoglobin
Co2 is bound to hemoglobin/dissolved in the plasma as a bicarbonate ion

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23
Q

wastes dissolved in the plasma

A 
uric acid
urea
bilirubin
by products of cellular metabolism
protein/uric acid metabolism
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24
Q

function of plasma

A

a non living fluid matrix to carry the formed elements

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25
Q

the formed elements are present in

A

the buffy coat and bottom red layer

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26
Q

unusual features of formed elements

A

erythrocytes/platelets-no nucleus or organelles-not cells just cell fragments
white blood cell-true cells
most formed elements only survive a few days

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27
Q

erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
45% of formed elements
small size and biconcave shape provides 30% more surface area than other cells-ideally suited for gas exchange

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28
Q

structure of RBC

A

no nucleus/organells-cytosol filled with diff proteins
hemoglobin- made before the loss of the nucleus to carry o2 and act as a protein buffer
spectrin- makes RBC flexible and able to change shape to fit through the capillaries
antioxidant enzymes-take care of radical oxygens

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29
Q

RBC have no mitochondria so they generate oxygen through

A

anaerobic mechanisms

so they don’t consume any o2 they are transporting

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30
Q

function of erythrocytes

A
  1. transport hemoglobin inside the RBC to protect it from breakdown by other blood proteins/loss in urine (bags of hemoglobin bc RBC are over 97% hemoglobin)
  2. hematocrit/RBC% men 47+-5%, women 42+-5%
    important number in determining blood viscosity/anemia
  3. major factor contributing to blood viscosity- there are about 5 mill cells per microliter
  4. gas transport- carry o2 and 20% of co2
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31
Q

erythropoiesis- RBC production

A

derived from mesenchyme–> hemocytoblast (pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell) –> myeloid stem cell (developed in red marrow) –> proeythroblast

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32
Q

control of erythropoiesis

A

controlled hormonally and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

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33
Q

vitamin B12

A

needs an intrinsic factor for its absorption

is required to divide the DNA and go through the cell cycle-lack of causes incomplete maturation of RBC

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34
Q

erythropoietin EPO glycoprotein

A

always in the blood
produced mainly by the kidneys but the liver produces some
a drop in normal o2 levels (hypoxia) triggers EPO production
too many erythrocytes depress EPO production

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35
Q

hormone effects

A

increase number of proerythroblasts

stimulates red bone marrow to increase the rate of cells

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36
Q

destruction of erythrocytes

A
  1. 100-120 days RBC become old and lose their flexibility making them rigid and fragile and hemoglobin begins to degenerate
  2. trapped in the smaller circulatory channels of the spleen
  3. macrophages in the spleen, liver, and red marrow phagocytize the dying RBC
  4. globin-breaks into amino acids which can be reused to produce other proteins
  5. heme- iron-removed and recycled in the spleen; organic lattice- converted to bilirubin and secreted by liver into bile and eliminated in urine or feces
37
Q

hemoglobin

A

it is the protein that makes RBC red

has quaternary structure

38
Q

heme

A

non protein pigment
source of iron in the body held in the organic lattice
each iron holds 1 o2 so each hemoglobin holds 4 molc of o2

39
Q

globin

A

protein
4 polypeptide chains
mother cells in the bone marrow
any abnormalities in these chains can alter the physical characteristics of hemoglobin

40
Q

when 02 and iron bind

A

hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin
has 3D shape
ruby red

41
Q

when o2 detaches from iron

A

hemoglobin is called deoxyhemoglobin
goes back to former shape
dark red

42
Q

hemoglobin carries 20% of CO2

A

carbaminohemoglobin

in the amino acid of the globin part of the molecule

43
Q

blood typing

A

RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens on external surfaces that are unique to the individual
recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual and will promote agglutination
presence/absence of antigens is used to classify the blood group

44
Q

agglutinins

A

plasma antibodies that appear within 2 months and reach peak levels bt 8-10yrs-hemolysis

45
Q

most common blood type

A

o+

46
Q

least common blood type

A

AB-

47
Q

universal donor-

A

o-

48
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+

49
Q

RH factor

A

85% ppl positive
if you have it you carry the D antigen
hemolysis doesn’t occur after 1st transfusion w RH factor but does occur in later transfusions bc the first exposure induces AB production which will cause hemolysis in 2 and later antigen exposure

50
Q

transfusion reactions

A

hemolysis/agglutination
each blood type only accepts the same kind of blood or O; makes plasma antibodies against other types
clotting/hemolysis when wrong blood is given bc plasma AB attack it

51
Q

RHogam

A

inject anti RH antibodies given soon after delivery, misscarage, or abortion, binds and inactivates fetal Rh antigens so mothers immune system doesn’t attack

52
Q

leukocytes

A

the only formed elements that are full cells with a nucleus and usual organelles
on avg 4,800-10,800 WBC per L of blood
but they account for less than 1% of the total blood volume because they are part of the buffy coat.

53
Q

important characteristics of WBC

DIAPEDESIS

A

leaping across
able to slip through capillary beds
the circulatory system is simply their means of transport to areas of the body (loose CT or lymphoid tissue) where they are needed to mount inflammatory/immune responses

54
Q

important characteristics of WBC

AMOEBOID MOTION

A

pseudopods (false feet)

how they move through tissue spaces to virus/bacterial infection

55
Q

important characteristics of WBC

POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS

A

following bread crumbs to the chemicals
how they know where the infection is
the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells other leukocytes (follow the concentration gradient)

56
Q

leukocytosis

A

when WBC count is over 11,000 cells per ul

normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body

57
Q

types of luekocytes

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

58
Q

granulocytes

A

50-70%
roughly spherical in shape
stored in bone marrow until needed
larger than erythrocytes
lobed nuclei
membrane bound cytoplasmic granules-enzymes for detox, clotting, and immune response
stain with Wrights stain (red-acidic, blue-basic, lilac-neutral)

59
Q

granulocytes NEUTROPHILS

A

1-2 days
most numerous 50-70% of WBC
twice as large as RBC
stain pale lilac with very fine granules that are diff to see-some have hydrolytic enzymes that break down bac others antimicrobial defensins that punch holes
3-6 lobed nuclei
active in phagocytosis
respond most quickly to tissue destruction by bacteria or fungus

60
Q

neutrophils weapons

A

first one at the war zone
respiratory burst- oxygen is actively metabolized to produce potent germ killer oxidizing substances such as bleach and peroxide
defensins to poke holes in microbe membrane

61
Q

granulocytes EOSINOPHILS

A

dawn
last about 2 wks
2-4% of all leukocytes
most located in the GI to kill off eaten bacteria and parasites
about the same size as neutrophils but weaker phagocytes
deep red nucleus with 2 lobes looking like headphones
lysosome like but lack enzymes specific for digesting bacteria
can release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasites surface to digest it away
releases histaminase to combat the effects of histamine which lessens the severity of allergies

62
Q

granulocytes BASOPHILS

A

rarest WBC .5-1%
live 1-1.5 yrs
large histamine containing granules (vasodilator)
affinity for basic dyes and stain purplish black (baso-basic)
release histamine to intensify inflammatory rxn

63
Q

all granulocytes are phagocytic but

A

neutrophils are the most phagocytic of all

64
Q

agranulocytes

A

lack visible cytoplasmic granules
are produced in red bone marrow but lymphocytes can also be produced in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes and spleen
major soldiers with a life span of 100-300 days
able to recirculate
blood-interstitial space-lymphatic fluid-blood

65
Q

agranulocytes B LYMPHOCYTES

A

B cells
attack bacteria, viruses, and toxins
plasma cells–> antibodies (Ig-immunoglobulin)
memory cells that keep record of the pathogen and vaccine

66
Q

agranulocytes T LYMPHOCYTES

A

CD-4 t-helper cells, activate other cells, mastermind of immune response

CD-8 t cytotoxic cells acting directly against and killing virus infected cells and tumor cells (receptors)

67
Q

agranulocytes MONOCYTES

A

abundant pale blue cytoplasm and darkly staining purple nucleus, distinctively U/kidney shaped
life span is less than 3 days in the blood stream
take longer to get there but arrive in large numbers
migrate from blood into tissues where they enlarge and become macrophages which are phagocytic

most powerful phagocyte-can eat whole RBC, malarial parasites and dead neutrophils
can detox some molc released when eating

important in starting the immune response
called diff things in diff tissues (Langerhans in skin)

68
Q

leukopoiesis

A

WBC production
not hormonally controlled
stim by chemical messengers (glycoproteins that fall into 2 families of hematopoietic factors)
interleukins and colony stimulating factors tell the stem cell what is needed

myeloid stem cell-make granulocytes and monocytes (agranulocyte)

lymphoid stem cells- makes lymphocytes (agran)

69
Q

platelets/thrombocytes

A

cell fragments that encourage clot formation
are anucleate-age quickly and degenerate in about 10 days if not involved in a clotting process
circulate freely but are kept inactive by nitric oxide and prostacyclin molecules secreted by the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

70
Q

platelets arise from the

A

megakaryocyte
a huge cell with many nuclei that splinters into cytoplasmic fragments
has granules that contain chemicals that aid in the clotting process: serotoinin, Ca++, enzymes, ADP, and platelet derived growth factor

71
Q

platelet formation

A

under hormonal control by thrombopoietin that is produced by the liver and regulates platelet formation through stimulation of
stem cell hemocytoblast (myeloid stem cell) to develop into megakaryoblast the precursor cell that goes through endomitosis (mitosis w out cytokinesis)
150,000-400,000 platelets per mm of blood

72
Q

hemostasis means

A

blood clotting

3 steps to stop bleeding

73
Q

hemostasis

1. vascular spasms

A

initial stimulus triggered by mechanical damage to vessel
chem released by endothelial cells/other platelets
reflexes initiated by local pain receptors

leads to blood vessel constriction
serotonin-hormone that vasoconstricts
reduced blood loss for 20-30 min

74
Q

hemostasis

2. platelet plug formation

A

platelets do not stick to endothelial cells or eachother
they bind to collagen fibers that are exposed when damage is done to the vessel

a) platelet adhesion-platelets bind to damaged bv and collagen fibers which activates platelet

b) platelet release rxn-content of vesicles/granules is released causing a decrease in BF through the vessel
serotonin vasoconstricts and increases spasms
ADP attracts more platelets-aggregating agent

c) platelet aggregation- release of ADP cause stickiness and platelet clumping
positive feedback- w in 1 min platelet plug is built

75
Q

hemostasis

3. coagulation/blood clotting

A

factor Xa
intrinsic/extrinsic both yield Xa
PF3 (platelet factor 3) and calcium (clotting factor IV) needed for both pathways

a) extrinsic: factor is outside
fast 10-15 sec, occurs when blood is exposed to tissue factor which stimulates the formation of prothrombin activator that forms fibrin

b) intrinsic- all factors needed for clot are inside
slow 3-6 min due to many intermediate steps
triggered by damaged BV
platelets detect collagen in BV CT and release PF3- prothromin activator-prothrombin-thrombin-fibrinongen-fibrin

76
Q

clot retraction

A

takes 30-60 minutes
platelets contract and pull on surrounding fibrin strands, squeezed liquid serum, compacting the clot and drawing the ruptured edges together
vessel healing takes place

77
Q

fibrinolysis

A

begins within 2 days
removes unneeded clots when healing has occurred, if it doesn’t happen, vessels get blocked

plasminogen-inactive plasma enzyme incorporated into the clot placed with thrombin

plasmin- activated plasminogen that breaks down fibrin and the clot so epithelial cells can repair

78
Q

factors needed for clotting

A

calcium-needed as cofactor in many enzyme conversions (2 parts)

vitamin K
not directly involved in coag
produced by bacterial flora in large intestine
required for synth of clothing factors by hepatocytes
factor II Prothrombin
factor VII
factor IX
factor X
79
Q

asprin

A

anticoag

antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2-prevents platelet aggregation

80
Q

heparin

A

anticoag

used clinically for pre/post op cardiac care

81
Q

warfarin

A

anticoag
Coumadin
used for those prone to atrial fibrillation
interferes with action of vitamin K

82
Q

dabigatran

A

anticoag

directly inhibits thrombin

83
Q

fibrin

A

makes a web that forms the structural basis of the clot

traps formed elements that try to pass through it

84
Q

prostacyclin

A

produced by intact platelet cells to localize platelet plug

85
Q

intrinsic pathway break down

A

factor Xa–ca++/PF3–>prothrombin activator–>prothrombin–>thrombin–>fibrinogen–>fibrin

86
Q

individuals with atrial fibrillation can have

A

blood pool in the atria

dangerous because it tends to clot and cause heart attack /stroke

87
Q

mosquito saliva contains

A

enzyme apyrase
to prevent clot and draw blood
inhibits platelet aggregation

88
Q

how to remember leukocytes from most to least abundant

A 
never let monkeys eat bananas
N-neutrophils
L-lymphocytes
M-monocytes
E-eosinophils
B-basophils

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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